United States of Americas Macroeconomic Analysis

Introduction United States of America is the world’s only super power, after the fall of Soviet Union in 1991. This country gained independence from the British Government in 1776 and was recognized as a nation in 1783 following the Treaty of Paris. This nation lacks an official language at Federal level. However, English is the most common language.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on United States of America’s Macroeconomic Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The variation with which they speak this language makes it be referred to as American English. Over 90% of the inhabitants can communicate comfortably in this language. Other commonly used languages are Spanish, French, Germany, Japanese, Chinese, and American Sign Language among other local languages. The currency commonly used in this country is the American dollar. The country is ranked the world’s largest economy, with most of i ts companies dominating the world’s market. Some of the United States’ firms dominating the world markets are the Coca Cola Company in beverage industry, The Wal-Mart in retail industry, General Electrics and General Motors in manufacturing sector among a host of other multinational corporations. Certo reports that United States of America has the largest and most advanced military.1 This country is technologically advanced, and the living standard of its populace is well above average. Although there are a few Americans living below a dollar a day, most of its citizens are in stable employment, earning decent salaries. The political system in the U.S. has been relatively stable over the years, making it the leading democracy in the world. The transition of power from one party to another or from one president to another has been done smoothly, making the economy very stable. There are two predominant political parties in this country: the Democrats and the Republicans . Politics has played a big role in the economic development the U.S. In their manifestos, these ploitical parties always put forth their economic plans for the country. This has increased accountability and transparency in the management of public funds. Other than the Great Depression of 1930’s that shook the economy and rendered almost a third of its citizens jobless, the country has enjoyed a relatively consistent positive growth in its economic growth.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, this stability in economy was shaken once again in 2008, when the country was hit by another economic recession. Many industries registered negative returns, and many financial institutions had to be rescued by the government from eminent fall. Employment opportunities became scarce, and the government revenues sharply declined. Currie reports that the rate of unemployment reached a record high of 9%.2 The government had to act swiftly in order to reverse this unfortunate situation. Currently, there is recovery from the economic slum. The country’s economy is growing positively, estimated at about 3% in this last quarter. Gross domestic product has had a consistent growth since the end of the economic recession of 1930’s. For the last twenty years, American Gross Domestic Product has grown from six thousand billion dollars to fourteen thousand five hundred billion dollars in the year 2010. This is a growth of over 250%. The country’s gross domestic per capita has also improved from $ 19,354 in 1990, to $ 39,945 in 2010.3 Despite this positive trend in the two economic indicators, the country’s unemployment rate has been very inconsistent. Since 1990, the rate was highest in the year 2009, when it was estimated to be at 9%. This was attributed to the economic recession which started out in the late 2007 and ran till mid 2009 . War on Iraq has had negative impact on the economic growth of the country. The budgetary allocation to the military is as huge as what the rest of the world put together spends on their military. This has seen the country forced to run on a budget deficit in order to finance its operations. Gomez and Balkin report that the country has been running on a budget deficit since 1969.4 This year’s budget deficit was projected at $ 1.3 trillion. This is 8.5% of the country’s gross domestic product. Analysts predict that the country may not be able to finance all its operations in the year 2012, and therefore may need to borrow for the government to keep running.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on United States of America’s Macroeconomic Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, they predict that it will be lower than the current deficit. United States of America is one of the world’ s greatest exporters. Most of the world’s top companies dominating international markets currently are Americans. Companies like the Coca Cola Company and the General Motors are known in the world markets. There are many other manufacturing firms, service providers like the Hollywood Films and virtually all other industries which are American. This would therefore make one believe that this country will have a zero balance of payment or even a positive one. However, this is not the case. The United States of America has had a negative balance of payment for several years in a row. This may be attributed to the war on Iraq, war on terror, willingness of American consumer to purchase more on credit, constant US budget deficits and the emerging of China as the world’s top exporter. Since 1995, the US has experienced a free fall on its balance of payment. By then, the balance of payment for this country was standing at -1.85%. This trend deteriorated and by the end of 2006 , the figure was standing at -7.45. The economic recession of 2008 to 2009 worsened the situation. Basically, inflation may be defined as the general increase in price of commodities in a given country over a specific period of time. This country has not experienced any serious inflation in the recent past. However, there has been some form of inflation felt within this country. Inflation has been ranging from 1.59% to 3.85% since 2000, with the country experiencing deflation of -0.34% in 2008. The Behavioral Patterns of the Economic Indicators for the Last Since 1990 Since the fall of the Soviet Union, the United States of America had experienced a relative dominance in the world’s economy. However, emergence of China as a world economic powerhouse has put this country in an awkward position. China is eating most of the US world markets at a speed that Washington had not predicted it would. China is currently the preferred trading partner to many African nations. Some of the markets that was predominated by American firms are now going east. Mankin reports that China has devalued its currency, making its exports cheaper in the world market, while the imports to this nation are relatively expensive. This has seen it export more of its manufactured goods to foreign countries, challenging the US as the world’s top exporter.5Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although the Gross Domestic Product has been on the rise, this has not been happening at a proportionate rate to the country’s expenditure. The graph below shows the country’s growth in Gross Domestic Product since 1990. For the last twenty years, United States of America has experienced a positive growth in its gross domestic product. By the last quarter of 1990, its GDP was estimated to be six thousand billion dollars. This has consistently grown and by end of 2010, this figure was at fourteen thousand five hundred billion dollars. The rise can be attributed to the consistent increase in production of the country. Many American firms are still very productive. Other American firms like Apple have based their production in China, but the proceeds go back to the US. Most of its citizens are also very entrepreneurial, making it one of the countries in the world with the highest business start-ups. These private firms are employing the highest percentage of the American s. Over the years, unemployment has been put under control. Other than the unfortunate economic recession of 2008-2009, the rate of unemployment has never been more than 5.5%. The graph below shows the percentage rate of unemployment since 1995. Unmemployment Rate Of The Labor Force In % (1990-2010) This low unemployment rate has made living standards of the Americans be well above average. Although there are many of its citizens who are super rich, the national wealth is evenly distributed to the citizens. Majority of the population are in employment, which would translate to increased gross domestic product. The GDP per capita is one of the best in the world. With most of the population absorbed in various employments, the per capita has also increased over the years since 1990. By the end of 2010, the country’s per capita was standing at $ 39,945. Gross Domestic Product Per Capita In Us $Â   (1990-2010) The graph below shows the growth in per capita since 1990. The grap h above shows that the living standard of the Americans has been on the rise since 1990. This is despite the 2008-2009 economic down turn that affected many industries in America and the world at large. Historical Analysis of the Relationship of Economic Indicators Economic status of any country is determined by its political temperatures. A stable political atmosphere will mean a stable environment for doing business. More investors will be attracted to such a market and the infrastructural developments will be witnessed. The United States of America has experienced a rare political calmness since the end of the civil war soon after its independence. This has seen it grow to become the economic giant it is today. The First World War worked to its benefit. At first this country did not align itself to any country. It remained neutral, making it able to form economic pact with any side of the warring nations. The American nation had then just attained industrial revolution. Its indus tries produced goods in mass because the world’s economic powerhouses like Britain, France, Germany, Japan and many others were too busy fighting to make any production. The U.S. had to export food to these nations because they could not engage in any agricultural activity. It was also the main supplier of arms and ammunitions to both rivals. This incident helped the economy grow at supernormal speed, making it narrow the economic gap between it and the then economic leader, the Great Britain. When it joined the war latter, it emerged as one of the strong nations both economically and military wise. The GDP, GDP per capita and employment rate was on the rise. The government employed many of its citizens in the military, drastically reducing the rate of unemployment that was on the rise. Unfortunately, this positive trend was brought to an end in the late 1929 when the country was struck by its worst economic recession that would last for almost a decade. Many firms closed dow n or were bought off by foreign investors who relocated them to other countries, laying off the employees. This trend was reversed by the Second World War of 1939 to 1945. Since then, the economy of this nation has been relatively stable. These economic indicators have direct relationship with one another. Relationship between Real GDP and Labor Productivity Labor productivity is a ration of real GPD. It refers to the effectiveness of the labor force of a given country. It is the measure of what the labor can produce within an hour against what it is expected to produce within the same period. Real GDP refers to a country’s output, having taken into consideration factors such as inflation and deflation. The output of labor will have a direct bearing on the total output of the nation. Growth in productivity of labor will have a positive bearing to firms because they will be in position to meet their strategic plans within the set timeline. This will lead to their expansion. La bor productivity translates to increased living standards as the populace will have enough to spend from their productive work in various companies. Real GPD will be felt if the population can afford to make purchase of what they consider basic to them. This therefore means that labor productivity directly influences the real GDP. Classical theorists have related GDP and labor productivity. Adams Smith agued that output is directly affected by labor productivity.6 This relationship can be illustrated as below: Y= where T is land, L is Labor and K is capital. Relationship between Real Economic Growth and Labor Productivity Real economic growth is achieved when there is a trickle down effect to the general public. It is achieved when the population experiences improvement in the infrastructure and other facilities that improve their living standards. Real economic growth can only be attained when the labor force positively work towards having a better economy.7 Labor productivity wil l determine this economic growth. If the labor force is able to meet the set target in their respective working places, the economy will witness an improved growth. This will in turn enable the government achieve its development plans within the stipulated time. Basically, these development plans are always infrastructural. This would mean that citizens will feel this effect in form of improved living standards. Labor productivity therefore leads to real economic growth. In the United States of America, labor productivity is very high. Many of the Americans have the entrepreneurial ability, hence unemployment is reduced. This means that many Americans are employed, making it one of the nations with the highest per hour output of labor. This has been directly reflected in its real economic growth. The country has some of the best schools, hospitals, roads and other infrastructural facilities in the world. Relationship between Real GDP and Unemployment Unemployment is a situation wher e individuals with the right qualification and willingness to work are not able to get the right job. This occurrence is very common in developing nations. Unemployment is a direct result of poor growth in real GDP. If real the GDP is having a positive growth, it will translate to more jobs for the citizens, hence leading to increased per hour output of labor. This will in turn increase the real GDP. This creates a circle, where failure in one will lead to failure in the entire circle. If labor productivity becomes low, the real GDP will fall, and a fall in GDP will lead to increased unemployment which directly translates to reduced per hour output of labor. This system is open to external forces. Any disturbances from the external environment may affect one of the two players, and this would interfere with the entire system. The relative political stability of this country has seen its labor productivity improve, thereby improving the real GPD which in turn reduces the rate of unem ployment.8 Relationship between the Variable These variables are related. Labor productivity has a direct bearing on real GDP. A positive growth in real GPD will lead to increased employment. An increased employment means that per hour output of labor is increased; which translates to increased labor productivity. Increased real economic growth lowers the rate of unemployment. This is reflected in the Macroeconomic Theory and policy, which holds that a country’s economic growth is directly dependant on the ability of its population to produce more than it can consume. This theory holds that local population should have the ability and willingness to purchase. This would help local companies experience growth. For this reason, unemployment will hinder both real GDP and real economic growth. Historical Analysis of Economic Indicators The United States of America has had a stable economy despite its constant budget deficits. Inflation has always been put under check as supply of money is regulated. The following is an analysis of the relationship between various economic indicators. Relationship between Inflation and Real Economic Growth Inflation refers to an economic situation where price of commodities are above normal. This phenomenon happens when the supply of money exceeds the output of the country. Inflation can deal a dangerous blow to a country’s real economic growth. For a country to experience a healthy economy, it should be in a position to balance its exports and imports.9 Inflation will always make a country’s products appear more expensive in the world market, while imports would be relatively cheap. This will make its products less attractive in the world market; hence its exports will be reduced. On the other hand, imports will increase. This imbalance is dangerous as the country will spend more on importing but gets little from its exports. This situation may force a country to run on a budget deficit; hence it may not be ab le to experience real economic growth. Relationship between Inflation and Money Supply Growth (M1) Money supply has direct effect on the rate of inflation. When the supply of money exceeds a country’s total output, the value of such currency will fall. This will mean that one would need more of such currency to buy a similar item that was costing less before the surplus currency was introduced.10 Money supply should be a reflection of the level of economy. If the economy has grown, there should be a proportionate supply of money. The United States of America has had a tight check on its supply of the dollar. Dollar is used by many nations and therefore its devaluation would affect many other countries besides the US. Despite the economic recession of 2008-2009, the rate of inflation was maintained at manageable levels. This was because the supply of money to the economy was put under check. Relationship between Unemployment and Money Supply Growth (M1) In as much as there is no direct link between money supply growth and employment, the effects of money supply affects the rate of employment. If the supply of money is more than the total output of a country, there will be an overflow of the currency. This would in turn increase the production cost as manufacturers will have to pay more for the inputs they use in the process of production. The increased cost of production may make some firms consider relocating, down sizing or complete closure. In whichever way, the ultimate effect will be a reduced rate of employment. To reverse such a situation, a country may be forced to withdraw the excess currency. These economic variables have close relation. Money supply in the economy will have a bearing on the rate of inflation. Inflation directly affects real economic growth. Unemployment is affected by and affects real economic growth. High rate of unemployment leads to reduced real economic growth. Reduced real economic growth in turn affects the rate of emplo yment as many firms will be producing below their capacity and therefore will have to employ lesser number of individuals. Historical Analysis of the Relationship between Accounts of Balance of Payment, Average Interest Rate, and the Government Budget Balance Balance of payment accounts refers to a record of all the financial transactions of a given country to other countries in the world. This is done after a specific period of time, in the concerned country’s currency. All the incomes from the production process are recorded as surplus, while all the payments are recorded as balance deficits. Average interest rate is a ratio of a country’s liabilities. Government budget balance refers to the budget deficit. This happens when the proposed expenditure exceeds the expected income within a specific accounting year.11 The United States of America has constantly been forced to have a budget deficit because its total expenditure exceeds the income. The economic survey done by the end of 2009 indicated that the average interest rate of this country stood at 3.290. This was reduced to 2.992 by the end of 2010. This was because of reduced government budget deficit. Balance of payment for the country is also experiencing positive growth. Conclusion United States of America is the leading economic powerhouse in the world. Although it faces serious challenges in the growth of the economy, it has maintained a positive trend over the years. Economic indicators are showing the same. Rate of unemployment has been completely put under check, making majority of its populace economically productive. This in turn increases the gross domestic product, which in turn affect the real economic growth. If the currency supply of a country exceeds its output, chances are high that such a country may experience inflation, a fact that may destabilize the economic growth. Works Cited Certo, Samuel. Modern Management: Concepts and Skills. New York: Prentice Hall, 2011. Print. Currie, David. Country Analysis: Understanding Economic and Political Performance. Burlington: Gower Publishing Limited, 2011. Print. Gomez-Mejia, Luis and Balkin, David. Management: People, Performance and Change. New York: Prentice Hall, 2011. Print. Mankin, Gregory. Principles of Economics. New York: Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. Moss, David. A Concise Guide to Macro Economic Analysis. Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Publishers. 2000. Print. Whelan, Charles. Naked Economics: Undressing the Dismal Science. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2010. Print. Footnotes 1 Samuel, Certo. Modern Management: Concepts and Skills. New York: Prentice Hall, 2011. p. 36 2 David, Currie. Country Analysis: Understanding Economic and Political Performance. Burlington: Gower Publishing Limited, 2011. p. 41. 3 David, Moss. A Concise Guide to Macro Economic Analysis. Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Publishers. 2000 p. 89. 4 Gomez-Mejia, Luis and Balkin, David. Management: People, Perfor mance and Change. New York: Prentice Hall, 2011. p.125. 5 Gregory, Mankin. Principles of Economics. New York: Cengage Learning, 2009. p.56 6 Charles, Whelan. Naked Economics: Undressing the Dismal Science. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2010. p.6 7 Ibid, p.36 8 Samuel, Certo. Modern Management: Concepts and Skills. New York: Prentice Hall, 2011 p. 58 9 Moss, David. A Concise Guide to Macro Economic Analysis. Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Publishers. 2000. p.78 10 Charles, Whelan. Naked Economics: Undressing the Dismal Science. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2010. p.59 11 Currie, David. Country Analysis: Understanding Economic and Political Performance. Burlington: Gower Publishing Limited, 2011. p. 41 This report on United States of America’s Macroeconomic Analysis was written and submitted by user Zackery Acosta to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Earthing systems Essays

Earthing systems Essays Earthing systems Essay Earthing systems Essay Introduction Purpose of earthing in an electric power system is to restrict, with regard to the general mass of Earth, the potency of current transporting music directors, which are portion of the equipment, and non- current transporting metal plants, associated with the equipment, setup and contraptions connected to the system. Type of Earthing Systems There are four chief type of earthing systems. These include: TN systems Point straight to land, the exposed conductive parts connected to this point the installing of the protection of music directors. Two types of TN system are approved for new installings in South Africa. These are defined harmonizing to the agreement of impersonal and protective music directors, as follows: TN-S system: in which throughout the system, a separate protective music director is used ; TN-S system: in which throughout the system, a separate protective music director is used ; TN-C-S system: in which the neutral and protective maps combined in a individual bid concatenation of system. TN-C-S system: in which the neutral and protective maps combined in a individual bid concatenation of system. TT system Which one point is straight earthed, the exposed-conductive-parts of the installing being connected to earth electrodes electrically independent of the Earth electrodes of the power system. The TT system is non permitted for new installings in South Africa, but still exists in many of the older countries. IT system Which has all unrecorded parts isolated from Earth, or one point connected to earth through an electric resistance, the exposed-conductive-parts of the electrical installing being earthed independently or jointly or to the grounding of the system. The IT system is non used for the public distribution of electricity, but is used in private installings, chiefly for grounds of continuity of service. Three phases IT systems with a distributed impersonal can in certain fortunes result in risky conditions. This latter type of IT system is to be deprecated. The jobs of electromotive force fluctuations between stage and impersonal that can ensue from a interruption in the impersonal, are common to all types of low electromotive force distribution systems. The increasing use of the TN-C-S system has nevertheless introduced a farther dimension to the effects of a loss of the impersonal music director. TN-C-S system Chiefly for economic grounds, across the Earth, the TN-C-S power system is going more and more widely used for the distribution of low electromotive force electrical power. The construct of uniting the impersonal and protective maps in a individual music director instantly resulted in the riddance of one of the five distributed music directors that are required for a three stage TN-S system ( three stages, one impersonal and one protective music director ) . In a TN-C-S system, the separate protective music director ( PE ) for each consumer, is created by merely tapping off a 2nd parallel music director from the PEN music director at a location that is close to or at the point of supply to single consumers. The parallel music director in the installing so becomes the impersonal music director. The chief disadvantage of the TN-C-S distribution system is this unprotected risky status that could originate in the event of a interruption in the PEN music director. This jeopardy continues to be independent of the presence of any protection devices that may be installed. In the event of a interruption in the PEN music director, all exposed conductive parts will stay unrecorded irrespective of the operating province of the chief shift or insulating device whether it is ON ( closed ) or OFF ( unfastened ) . Current pattern of adhering in HK Types of low electromotive force system as defined by the IEC and IEE are identified by the connexions to Earth of the beginning ( system Earth ) and the exposed conductive parts of the electrical installing ( equipment Earth ) . If these Earth terminuss are non boned together by a metallic music director the system is classified as TT, and the way for Earth mistake currents is so through the existent Earth or land, . If the terminuss are bonded together with a dependable and low electric resistance metallic connexion the return way will non be through the Earth and the system is classified as TN-S. The footings on which the CLP Power Hong Kong Ltd. and the Hong Kong Electric Co. , Ltd. will provide electricity are capable to the Electricity Supply Ordinance, and the ordinances and conditions laid down in the common set of Supply Rules published by both companies. By virture of his application for electricity supply or his obtaining electricity from the Company, a consumer is bound by and shall stay by the Supply Rules and other footings and conditions. Supply Rule 407.1 requires that for every electrical installing the consumer must supply his ain Earth electrode system by which the exposed conductive parts of his installing are connected to earth. That is, all exposed conductive parts of the installing shall be connected by protective music directors to the chief earthing terminus of the installing and that terminal shall be connected to earth electrode ( s ) via an earthing music director. This means that every installing is connected to be portion of a TT system. Rule 407.3.f. ( three ) further provinces that where the supply is taken direct from the Company s transformer or via belowground overseas telegram, the Company may let the consumer to supply a bonding music director between his chief earthing terminus and the Company s transformer Earth or metallic sheaths of the service overseas telegram. Therefore, the installing will be operated as portion of a TN-S system. However, this regulation besides states that in the measuring of the Earth mistake loop electric resistance or proving the operation of protective devices, the said bonding music director must be disconnected, i.e. the design and commissioning of the installing must presume a TT system. 3

Management Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 7

Management Accounting - Essay Example On the other hand, there are those who view budgeting as one of the major impediments of the process of goal achievement. Marcino (2000) as well as Jensen (2001) are key advocates of this theorem. The two argue that the allocation of resources within an organization is to large extent being hindered by the various budgetary processes adopted by the various organizations. â€Å"Myopic decision making and other dysfunctional budget games† are cited to be some of the reasons why achieving these budgets becomes difficult and even where achieved, there is little difference that can be attributed to it. Bergstrand and Olve (1996) defined budgeting as the traditional way of managing and controlling companies. Companies use the budget to plan and coordinate for the preceding financial period. Some of the main objectives of the budgetary process include resource allocation, employee motivation and operations coordination. It also helps in the evaluation of performance (Libby and Lindsay 2003). Looking at all this therefore the budgetary process has for a long time been used for the same reason, and thus the majority of the organizations has resulted in using the same traditional budgetary processes over and over again. The traditional budgetary process has resulted so different problems in various organizations including but not limited to top down command orientation issues as well as poor planning and performance evaluation processes. While doing their research Neely et al. (2001) identified a number of budgetary weaknesses that were associated with the majority of the traditional budgets. Some of them includes the time consuming nature of the budgetary processes, constrain responsiveness and the most common barrier to change, lack of focus and presences of contradictions, the over emphasis on cost reduction with less focus on value, infrequent budget development and updating, improper preparation of the underlying assumptions and their inability to reflect

Effective team and performance management Essay

Effective team and performance management - Essay Example Performance management is an integrated and strategic approach to deliver flourishing results in organizations, by the improvement of performance, and by building the capability of individuals and teams. Performance management is important in achieving qualitative performance and superior standards. This project deals with the functions of effective team and performance management, and how they weekly reflects on the group exercise explaining the significant success factors in the growth of a team. It describes its reflections on the experience of practical seminar activities of team and performance management. It also explains group experience from the view of group members imaging their experience. This study evaluates the principles of inter-personal relationship, tries to understand group behaviour and dynamics of organizational behaviour, by analysing the various factors that influence individual behaviour in a team. The study evaluates effective management practice and behaviou ral skills in a team environment, which generate personal as well as organisational performance impact. Regarding effective team and performance management, the study classes include four activities, and they are animal survival reflection exercise, the activity can which adapt learning skills with the level of educational achievements. Other activities are egg flying activity, Belbin’s team role and lost on the moon. These activities study group behaviour and group efforts which help n building an effective team. 2.1) Reflect on what you learned from the group exercise in week one - three (Learning outcomes 3 and 4) It was a great experience that I received during the activities in the class as a team. I enjoyed it a lot. In the group exercise, from week one to week three, I learned about the application of organizational behaviour, and the theories of learning in the context of business. I also learned the factors that influence individual behaviour in a team. In the week o ne activity, I came to know the ways to accomplish assigned work, to respect team members, and how to hold on when the group falls beyond its expectations. The team began to perform well in norming stage. â€Å"Groups can also exert enormous in?uence on individuals through the medium of norms† (International Relations and Group Processes n.d) Each individual began by contributing their best for the improvement of the team. As a result of this, more effort was exerted by the group thereby bringing harmonious relation among the team members. All group members presented themselves at the meeting on time, so that they could closely follow the proceedings of the meeting, and no one was supposed to interrupt the meeting by arriving late at the venue. I, as a team member also learned about how to behave in a meeting, when to present our own opinions, if any; and to encourage silent members in the group to speak out. Decisions were made by the unanimous support of the team members. à ‚   A significant factor of success in the growth of a team, depends on the concept that all players in the team are equal in decision making; and that every team member is valued, and that they that contribute well for the team. All members should be honest in their communication, and should speak frankly without hurting the self-esteem of co-members. The active participation of team members in

Country with High Mortality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Country with High Mortality - Research Paper Example The total surface area of the country is 238,533 sq. km /92,098 sq. miles (WHO, 2013). According to the United Nations Department Of Population and Social Affairs, the estimated total population for Ghana was 24,392 000 for the year 2010 and a projected 27,315,000 in year 2015.Of the total population, a bigger percentage is estimated to be in urban areas than I rural areas. The total population density for Ghana is estimated to be 82,000 and 146,000 people per kilometre in 2000 and 2030 respectively (WHO, 2013). Ghana is one of the more stable nations in Africa, with a good record of power changing hands peacefully. It has a multi-party system with a presidential representative government, whereby; the president is elected directly by citizens in general elections. The president becomes both the head of state and government (Princeton.edu, 2013). Ghana is the world's second largest cocoa producer behind Ivory Coast, and Africa's biggest gold miner after South Africa. Other top minera ls in Ghana include tuna, bauxite, aluminium, manganese ore, and diamonds. It is one of the continent's fastest growing economies with a projected growth rate of 7% in 2012 although its lower than of the previous year(World Bank,2013). The high growth rate is prompted by strong cocoa production, increased gold production among other factors. The GNI per capita of Ghana is US $1,230 (WHO, 2013) State of Health in Ghana The probability of dying between 15 and 60 years otherwise known as adult mortality rate, in Ghana was 273 per 1000 people. The life expectancy in years is slightly higher in females than in males, at 64% and 60% respectively. According to WHO, the leading cause of death in the country is malaria followed by HIV/AIDS and diarrhoeal diseases. It is estimated that in 2008, the leading cause of death among children under five was malaria, accounting for 26% of the total deaths. The mortality rate as a result of malaria in 2006 was higher in Ghana than in the neighbouring Cote d’ vore.In addition, theHIV/AIDS was also high in that country as compared to Burkina Faso and generally in the African continent in year 2007.Communicable diseases record the highest burden of disease, followed by non-communicable diseases. Injuries have the lowest distribution of burden of disease. According to WHO, the number of deaths from traffic accidents in Ghana was among the highest in the world, which marks a major contribution to the high mortality rates. Being one of the stable nations in Africa, Ghana does not experience a lot of deaths from violence (WHO, 2013). According to a study conducted in Ghana titled â€Å"Public Perceptions on the Role of Traditional Medicine in Health Care Delivery System†, findings suggest that traditional medicine is effective in treating various ailments. Some of the ailments that are effectively treated using traditional medicines in Ghana include malaria, mental illness, infertility, arthritis, boils, and typhoid fever , just to mention a few. While this is the case, it is worth noting that the traditional medicines are non-standardised as emphasized by Gyasi, Mensah, Osei-Wusu & Agyemang,2011). To most Ghanaians, poverty is a strong barrier to the utilization of health people than the orthodox care services. It’s no surprise then that traditional medicine is found to be cheaper and more readily available to the medicine.

Jane Austens Works :: essays research papers

First published in 1813, Pride and Prejudice has consistently been Jane Austen's most popular novel. It portrays life in the genteel rural society of the day, and tells of the initial misunderstandings and later mutual enlightenment between Elizabeth Bennet (whose liveliness and quick wit have often attracted readers) and the haughty Darcy. The title Pride and Prejudice refers (among other things) to the ways in which Elizabeth and Darcy first view each other. The original version of the novel was written in 1796-1797 under the title First Impressions, and was probably in the form of an exchange of letters.Jane Austen's own tongue-in-cheek opinion of her work, in a letter to her sister Cassandra immediately after its publication, was: "Upon the whole... I am well satisfied enough. The work is rather too light, and bright, and sparkling; it wants [i.e. needs] shade; it wants to be stretched out here and there with a long chapter of sense, if it could be had; if not, of solemn specious nonsense, about something unconnected with the story: an essay on writing, a critique on Walter Scott, or the history of Buonapartà ©, or anything that would form a contrast and bring the reader with increased delight to the playfulness and general epigrammatism of the general style". In 1809 Jane Austen, her mother, sister Cassandra, and Martha Lloyd moved to Chawton, near Alton and Winchester, where her brother Edward provided a small house on one of his estates. This was in Hampshire, not far from her childhood home of Steventon. Before leaving Southampton, she corresponded with the dilatory publisher to whom she had sold Susan (i.e. Northanger Abbey), but without receiving any satisfaction.She resumed her literary activities soon after returning into Hampshire, and revised Sense and Sensibility, which was accepted in late 1810 or early 1811 by a publisher, for publication at her own risk. It appeared anonymously ("By a Lady") in October 1811, and at first only her immediate family knew of her authorship: Fanny Knight's diary for September 28, 1811 records a "Letter from Aunt Cass. to beg we would not mention that Aunt Jane wrote Sense and Sensibility"; and one day in 1812 when Jane Austen and Cassandra and their niece Anna were in a "circulating library" at Alton, Anna threw down a copy of Sense and Sensibility on offer there, "exclaiming to the great amusement of her Aunts who stood by, "Oh that must be rubbish, I am sure from the title.

Will Moller Analysis

A Rhetorical Analysis of Will Moller’s â€Å"Those Who Live in Glass Houses† Cheating, in all forms, is considered deceitful and wrong. However, people still do it hoping the end result is an A on an exam or a better performance, in an athlete’s case. Cheating in itself is like an addiction and follows a domino effect. Once one athlete decides to use steroids, others follow in their footsteps hoping to perform at a higher level. There have always been several athletes who choose to cheat for their own benefit and personal glory.As a result, those athletes are looked down upon for cheating the game and the fans. Nonetheless, people fail to understand the outside factors that influence great athletes such as Barry Bonds and Ben Johnson to use performance enhancing drugs. In his May 5, 2009 article â€Å"Those Who Live in Glass Houses† Will Moller, blog writer for The Yankees $, argues that that performance-enhancing drugs should be permissible because the ma jority of good professional baseball players are forced to take steroids and such, as a result of baseball fans placing players on a pedestal to perform beyond their capacity.Moller makes a good point that fans have some responsibility for athletes cheating because of the pressure fans place on them to perform at an enormously high level; however, there are other responsible parties as well, including coaches, players, and the NCAA drug policy system as a whole. One of the primary reasons for athletes using performance-enhancing drugs is because of the fans animalistic desire for great entertainment. This actually causes athletes to want to perform at the highest level possible and stand out as great icons to the fans.To support his implication, Moller uses the pathos appeal, as he presents an analogy, of his personal experience as a student who was forced to use Ritalin because he struggled with the rigorous and competitive academic work assigned to him. Moller’s reaction to his choice was that he â€Å"did what [he] felt [he] needed to do, to accomplish the goal that was demanded† from him, despite understanding the â€Å"serious side effects, magnifying [his] senses in a very negative way. Nonetheless, academic success outweighed the bad side effects.Similarly, college and professional athletes are placed on a pedestal that urges them to accomplish success, win championships, and set unbreakable records. He also appeals to reasoning by recognizing that athletes should not be severely misjudged as cheaters for using performance enhancing drug use because they wish to perform better for their fans. There are other outside factors that also pressure players to cheat. Coaches’ extreme pressure towards their players to perform at a high level indirectly encourages athletes to use steroids and develop more strength.Notre Dame coach Lou Holtz was believed to be a primary cause for his players using anabolic steroids during the late 1980â€⠄¢s and early 1990’s. Steve Huffman, a former linebacker, claimed coach Holtz â€Å"put [him] in this situation† because he once criticized the injured star during a team speech by stating that Huffman â€Å"let everybody in this room down if [he] quit. † In addition, Holtz threatened to rescind Huffman’s scholarship and showed no remorse or care for Huffman and the rest of the players during the losing season. Coaches who exert a strong mental toughness are perceived as good leaders who may lead their team to overall success.However, fans and the media do not recognize that tough love can have a burden on players, physically and emotionally. A coach, who constantly scolds players instead of guiding them, is tortuously leading players to use performance-enhancing drugs in hope of easing the burden and accomplishing what everyone around them selfishly wants. Coach Holtz practiced such coaching methods and as a result, school officials admitted that during the 1986 season five players tested positive for anabolic steroid use. Aside from coaches, the weak NCAA drug policy system also influences players to cheat.The use of performance-enhancing drugs is undeniably much more prevalent than it is generally acknowledged to be because of the weak policy regulations. Welch Suggs, an American collegiate sportswriter for The Chronicle of Higher Education, claims steroid use is rampant among college-level players. A senate panel spoke to a former college football athlete, who choose to remain anonymous, claimed that despite gaining twenty pounds and dropping his 40-yard dash time to 4. 5 seconds, his coaches urged him and many other players to gain even more weight and become stronger.People may be asking themselves how players are able to avoid the NCAA random drug policy tests. The former college football star argues that â€Å"the policy is weak, however, and fairly predictable, with the drug tests falling in roughly the same period of time every year† (Suggs). The weak enforcement gives athletes a greater motivation to begin using performance-enhancing drugs. Don Catlin, a professor of molecular and medical pharmacology at UCLA, oversees and examines drug testing for the NCAA and believes it is not â€Å"aggressive enough, but that’s society and the mind-set. The dollars just aren’t there† (Suggs).Fans, coaches, the NCAA, and society as a whole are responsible for encouraging cheating and drug use. People are not taking the matter seriously and as a result, steroids and other drugs are easily available for athletes to purchase online, in the streets, or maybe even from their coaches. In fact, Charles Grassley, the former Iowa Republican chairman of the caucus, showed the NCAA senate panel online auctions on eBay for Winstrol and Dianabol, which are commonly prescribed steroids. Ultimately, the fact that drug testing policies are so weak is practically asking players to use performance-enhan cing drugs and cheat the game.Fans, coaches, and the weak NCAA drug policy may influence players to use steroids, but the ultimate decision is left to the athlete. Just as everyone is responsible for their choices, players must decide whether they wish to cheat, just as Moller had. The option to cheat in academics or sports is easily available, despite most people not realizing it. In a March 1st, 2010 blog in Sports Illustrated, â€Å"Cheating and CHEATING† writer Joe Posnanski argues that the beautiful game of baseball and other sports has always existed, despite people claiming that it has not or that baseball has become corrupt due to steroid and amphetamine use.He begins by introducing author Pete Hamill, a novelist, who believes that the game of baseball was at its finest, prior to performance enhancing drug use. To develop his argument, Posnanski concedes to the opposition first by praising Pete Hamill’s romantic novels and later criticizes Hamill’s willf ul self-deception by naively believing that drug use is not common in America and American baseball, as a means of cheating. Posnanski understand that baseball like all other sports â€Å"was never innocent, that America was never innocent, that innocence itself was never innocent† (Posnanski).Posnanski concedes first to show his respect by demonstrating his own character. In doing this, he is able to highlight the significant accomplishments in baseball history that have occurred due to amphetamine usage. In addition, Posnanski claims that steroids are much more readily available today than in the past. But cheating has always existed, in all forms. The fans, the coaches, and the NCAA itself are all responsible for willful self-deception as well, for having influenced players to begin using performance-enhancing drugs but believing steroid use is not rampant in college-level and professional sports.Fans are not entirely responsible for athletes cheating in college-level and professional sports. However they are one of many factors that contribute to players using performance-enhancing drugs. Athletes, fans, coaches, and the weak NCAA dug policy and enforcement may all determine an athlete’s choice to cheat; however, the players themselves must be accountable for their choices. Illicit drug use has negative side effects that can be harmful to athletes. But the desire to perform at a high level, break scoring records, win games, and championships is an always tempting just as it is to get an A on an exam.Works Cited Huffman, Steve. â€Å"I Deserve My Turn. † Sports Illustrated. Time Inc. , 27 Aug. 1990. Web. 14 Nov. 2012 Moller, Will. â€Å"Those Who Live in Glass Houses. † The Yankees $. N. p. , 5 May, 2009. Web. 14 Nov. 2012 Posnanski, Joe. â€Å"Cheating and CHEATING. † Sports Illustrated. Time Inc. , 1 Mar. 2010. Web. 14 Nov. 2012 Suggs, Welch. â€Å"Steroids Are Rampant Among College Athletes, a Senate Panel Is Told. â⠂¬  The Chronicle of Higher Education. 50. 46 (2004): A33. ProQuest. Web. 14 Nov. 2012