Why is society a social construct

For what reason is society a social develop Presentation Social develop is worried about the way in which individuals learn information and convictions through socialization. As individuals interface, they learn originations and desires which are related with their sexual orientation. These ideas and desires as a rule reach out to all parts of public activity and society. Individuals grow new political perspectives, sentiments and observations about others because of socialization. Coming up next is a culture and socialization paper that clarifies why society exists as a social construct.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Why is society a social develop explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Why is society a social build? Society exists as a social build because of variables like sexual orientation, race matters, class and training among others. With respect to sex, each general public characterizes its individuals into ‘women’ and ‘men’. These orders decide the jo bs played by every sex. The mental and social qualities that are related with being a male or a female assume a significant job of forming the people’s desires. It decides the way wherein individuals connect with one another. Sexual orientation additionally influences people’s interests and capacities in the general public. Sex personality shapes standards and desires since it decides the practices of cultural individuals. For example, young men are known to utilize dangers and orders on the whole male gatherings when contrasted with a circumstance where the two people exist. Additionally, men are referred to be increasingly defiant when contrasted with young ladies. Ladies then again, will in general be more compliant than men. The operators of sex socialization incorporate family associations, tutoring and broad communications among others (Schaefer Richard, 2008, P. 178). People’s lives are influenced by their group in the general public whether they know or not mindful about it. How one is seen by others, regardless of whether rich or poor affect their life. Individuals from the general public with a predominant class typically lead a one of a kind way of life that denotes their status in the general public. A portion of the solid indications of status in the public arena incorporate; titles, dress and access to extraordinary offices like clubs e.t.c. Individuals from the general public with an exceptional class can show their social way of life empowering them to accomplish social acknowledgment (Schaefer, Richard, 2008, P. 178). Race, as a social develop, affects people’s day by day lives since it decides the manner by which individuals see themselves as well as other people. The prevailing gathering in the general public is normally considered as prevalent, while the minority bunch is typically viewed as sub-par. Individuals typically decide one’s race by the shade of their skin (Schaefer, Richard, 2008, P. 178).Advert ising Looking for paper on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More concerning religion, each religion has moral laws which are planned for orchestrating the general public. Religion adds to legitimate working of the general public by binding together individuals. It draws a line between one’s motivations and the society’s requests. Religion in this way is a marvel that is created in day by day communication and affects people’s lives (Schaefer, Richard, 2008, P. 178). Society exists as a social develop because of instructive status of individuals. Training typically controls and shapes people’s perspective. It empowers individuals to pick up information, aptitudes and qualities (Schaefer, Richard, 2008, P. 178). Determination Society is a social build because of the way that people’s activities and practices are formed by: sexual orientation, religion, race matters, class and instruct ive status. Individuals from the general public can't do precisely what they like since they have certain jobs and desires. Character attributes are created during social cooperation, which means one’s interests and inclinations are delivered socially. Reference List Schaefer, R. Richard, T. (2008). Human science Matters, Edition 4. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Teenage Alcoholism essays

High school Alcoholism articles I am a senior at Plainview High School and I was a piece of the protest on Thursday the eleventh and I was suspended for nine days for my association in the demonstration. I am extremely baffled in the manner this issue was introduced to general society and the significant piece of the data was absent from the article in the Post-Bulletin and on KTTC. Leading the significant worry of the protest was not about the departure of an excursion day. The significant concern was the devastation of our understudy gathering. The understudy chamber has experienced a great deal this year. They lost a counsel to some unmentionable questionable issues including the educational committee and high organization individuals. At that point they lost their position to be the chiefs of the majority of the school endorsed understudy occasions. We were additionally rankled about the way that one of the Student committee individuals went to an educational committee meeting in which when she introduced her r eport they requested that everybody in participation leave the room and they shut the entryways which is against approach to close an educational committee meeting (when it doesnt have to do with private concern) In the room she was by and large nearly being verbally annoyed by the educational committee for 31 min. The following subject close by is the alleged gathering with select understudies today (Friday the twelfth). They had a gathering with exceptionally select understudies. In all reality they chose the understudies who concurred or didn't have an inclination whichever way on the issue. Truth be told they were so acceptable about choosing understudies just around 3 of the dozen or so understudies really were associated with the protest. This has lead numerous understudies to accept that the school is simply attempting to push this off till the mid year break when we (the seniors) leave and the underclassmen have an entire summer to forget about it. It makes me wonder what else is going on in the educational system when the organization is so stressed over press being included that when KTTC showed up Thursday morning, in the wake of being permitted ... <!

Discussion 2 Week 8 Tips for Effective Proposal Writing Assignment

Conversation 2 Week 8 Tips for Effective Proposal Writing - Assignment Example The example proposition where gotten in the accompanying connections: http://www.coloradogrants.org/resources/pdf/centerville-network center.pdf; and http://www.netplaces.com/award composing/test government award proposition/. There are regions where deviation were available as far as inclinations to utilize long sentence structures and not utilizing plain structures to feature data in an increasingly succinct and handily got way. 2. Utilizing the measures introduced in Chapter 13 of the course book for composing compelling recommendations, modify in any event one area of a suggestion that you distinguished through the e-Activity and clarify why you rolled out those improvements. To re-think of one bit of the proposition submitted to the Community Technology Center (CTC) award venture, the accompanying part were noted to be ineffectual: â€Å"The Districts center school populace meets the rules for in danger: 71 percent originate from low-salary foundations; 68 percent are minority; 22 percent get custom curriculum administrations; 15 percent are bilingual† (Sample Federal Grant Proposal, n.d., p. 1). It could be re-composed this

Describe How Male Privileges Permeates Society - 2200 Words

Crisis Of Masculinity: Describe How Male Privileges Permeates Society (Essay Sample) Content: Given male privilege permeates all aspects of society, do recent accounts of a crisis of masculinity really matter?Student NameInstructorCourseDateTable of contentsTOC \o "1-1" \h \z \u Introduction PAGEREF _Toc408668420 \h 3The development of masculinity and femininity PAGEREF _Toc408668421 \h 4Crisis of masculinity PAGEREF _Toc408668422 \h 5Why masculinity matters PAGEREF _Toc408668423 \h 8Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc408668424 \h 9IntroductionMasculinity is defined as characteristics that are appropriate to the male sex and traditional ideologies. Masculinity discourses are generally related to men being naturally strong, competitive, aggressive, technically minded and judicious. On the same issue, most sociologists, specifically feminist scholars have claimed that such masculine identity characteristics contribute to the systematic dominance of perceived power of men and authority within social institutions such as the place of work, education and the family. On the pas t few years, a huge deal regarding sociological research has been conducted on men and masculinities identifying changing features of masculinity. Various observers have identified that changes within social and economical climate in regards to society is to be blamed for provoking a crisis in masculinity, in which traditional roles of men are being eroded. Forces that are globalised from economics to technology to feminism are transforming the mens role. In addition, men are faring specifically badly in most areas of their life. From alcohol and drug misuse to general life expectancy, from homelessness to education, they are clearly looking it increasingly challenging to cope as they attempt to adapt to situations that are entirely unprecedented.In recent years, men have become the topic of growing political, policy and academic debates; in some respects, this is not new. There have been previous moments of debate concerning men, and then, in dissimilar sense, much of politics, res earch and policy have often been concerning men. However, what is new is that, the discussions concerning men are now more explicit, more gendered, more varied and sometimes more significant. At these discussions base is the assumption that men, same to women, are not just naturally like this or just bound to be that way however, are the social, historical, economic, political, and cultural forces outcomes. On social alteration that is currently in place is that, men and masculinities can at least be discussed about as problematic. The paper discusses why masculinity is in crisis and why it matters in society.The development of masculinity and femininityIn concern to western culture, men are regarded as aggressive, competitive and instrumentally oriented while women are regarded as passive, expressive, and cooperative. Previous thoughts always neglected that this division was recognized on underlying innate dissimilarities in characteristics, features and traits of both males and fe males. Masculinity and femininity measures were always applied to diagnose what were regarded as challenges of basic gender recognition, for instance, masculine females and feminine males. Individuals then understand that femininity and masculinity are not innate; rather, they are based on social and cultural situations.To elaborate more on masculinity, there are three theories that explain its development. These theories include psychoanalytic theory, learning theories that emphasize direct reinforcement and the cognitive-developmental theory. These theories involve a two-part process. The first part is that child comes to recognize that he or she is a male of female. In the second section, they come to realize what being male or female implies in terms of femininity or masculinity.According to Freuds theory (1927) (psychoanalytic theory), an individuals gender develop via identification with similar sex parent. This recognition occurs out of the conflict inherent in the oedipal st age of psychosexual development. At the age of three, a child grows a strong sexual attachment to the opposite sex parent. In regards to that, negative feelings appear for the similar sex parent that is based in resentment and jealousy. At the age six, the child resolves the psychic conflict through relinquishing desires experienced in the opposite sex parent and recognition with the same-sex parent. Therefore, boys are able to learn masculinity from their fathers while girls experience femininity from their mothers.Formulation on Freuds theory argues that mothers play a significant part in development of gender identity. More likely, mothers are able to relate to their sons as different and separate due to the reason that they are not of similar sex. Similar to that, they experience oneness and continuity sense with their daughters because they are of similar sex. As an outcome, mothers bond with their daughters therefore fostering femininity in girls. Similarly, mothers create a d istance from their sons who respond through shifting their attention away from their mother towards their father. Boys learn masculinity through identification with their father.Crisis of masculinityTalking about crisis of masculinity, it seems that men are more confused and insecure because of the assault of women on male power bastions and the developing social and cultural lack of approval of traditional masculinity displays (Hamber, 2010, 81). The contradictions that are experienced between the old ideals of masculinity and the real social position of men in association to women is argued to lead to a potent patriarchal hangover as analyzed by Lemon (1995, 62). The discourse of this crisis of masculinity ahs its background in the anti-feminist literature recognized in the reaction to that of women and gay liberation movements in the Western nations. The reality that the masculinity crisis discourse has permeated various societies in various nations does not imply that it is plau sible. On contrary to that, the crisis theory cannot adequately elaborate the violent masculinities prevalence, hence the high gender-based violence level.Crisis theory illustrates masculinity as a singular and stable sex role to which all men follow. Nevertheless, the singular male sex role does not prevail. Therefore, the crisis theory fails to acknowledge that not all men have responded to the agenda of equality of the post-apartheid porch through resorting to behavior of violence. Indeed, the post-apartheid porch has examined a whole range of accommodating and progressive responses to the equality of gender. Some of these responses created by men have strongly amended the dominant masculine code. Various organizations dealing with gender actively promote and draw upon non-violent and non-sexist masculinities. The non-violent responses illustrate that the perceived over empowerment concerning women cannot plausibly provide rise to violent masculinities.Feuds theory argues that ho mosexuality is not a simple gender switch and a large proportion of male maintain the masculinitys mental quality. Freud argues that masculine and feminine currents coexist in each individual. The most significant stage that is experienced in early life that impact the construction of the male identity is the oedipal complex as discussed by Freud. The misidentification idea is divided into two stages: the first being that a boy must sever the emotional ties he possesses with the primary caregiver, especially the mother. The second stage is that he requires identifying with a male role model, especially the father. Psychoanalysts observe the fathers role in the identity of masculine as critical.In contrast to Freuds theory, Melanie Klein comments that is envy of the mother rather than rivalry with the father that impedes psychic alterations. Freud has left the boys and the mothers relationship undeveloped. In disagreement to Freud, concerning his argument of oedipal; feelings in asso ciation to the father, she argues that the first signs seem to be in relation to the mother. Indeed, as analyzed by Simpson and Lewis (2008), the young boy is surrounded by presence of feminine all over his early childhood, and it is significant for him to break away and identify a world of men where he can build his roots of male identity. The central argument is that men want to escape from womanhood; however, there is the desire to be close to a woman.Masculinity and femininity are biological reinforced and determined during childhood in opposition to Freud argument who believes that bodies and minds are designed through patterns of cultural power. It is assumed that the wombs envy concept is a significant component in the male psyche. The development of male power is rooted in the wombs fear. Besides boys envy of the breast of his mother, he also becomes envious of the womb and the power it give to build up life. As analyzed by Robinson (2000), the phallus saves men and provides a distraction from the womb envy. The concept of Klain in this idea of womb envy is significant to understand male misogyny. Boys envious of their mother have to agree that they can never have breasts or a womb as in girls. Unconscious womb-envy assists to illustrate the opposition between nature and culture. Men have t...

Modern competitive market environment, Brand recognition - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2736 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? 1. Introduction In the modern competitive market environment, Brand recognition has been a widely discussed topic. Employer brand is particularly important given the fact that prospective employees have always preferred to seek employment in a recognized firm as compared to finding a mere work place. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Modern competitive market environment, Brand recognition" essay for you Create order Therefore, it is important for an organization to understand to which extent their employer brand is known, perceived and recognized compared to the competitors in the market. This knowledge gives the management (especially, HR) the opportunity to enhance their employer brand and use the same to improve the selection and recruitment process. Among the parameters sought by modern candidate, the employer values are evaluated by a number of aspects (Barrow, S.,1990) and it denotes that firms reputation as an employer. Also, the perception of the employer brand is an indicator as to how great place the company is for work ( Minchington B,2010) This is an outcome of employee value preposition and employer value proposition (EVP) which help the firm to manage every aspect of employment experience . This help a company for internal marketing and make an inside out approach for building up the reputation of the company. As a popular company in UK and a widespread retail chain in clothi ng, food and accessories, it is important to carry out a research in Marks and Spencer ( M S) to evaluate its position where employer brand is concerned and to identify the areas where it can use those findings to improve selection and recruitment processes. Therefore, this research project deals with investigating the perception of employer brand in Marks and Spencer and the extent to which it could be used to enhance recruitment and selection processes in Marks and Spencer which is the most profitable clothing retailer in UK. The researcher is the recruitment consultant who shall be working for this company to evaluate and analyze the employer brand. 2. Research Problem In todays competitive world, the employers need to provide the employees with competitive favourable working environment. It includes not only a good remuneration package, but also employee training, development, communication, team work and employability etc in order to improve employer brand. Similar issues lies with Marks and Spencer as a retail chain in UK and overseas. Since it has grown from being a single shop in 1940s into a large scale business across boarders, it is important that the company hire, develop and retain high calibre employees in its workforce. In order to achieve this end M S need to understand what employer brand perception they have achieve so far, how people compare MS employer brand against their competitors such as Tesco, Sainsbury, Gap, Next, Boots and others who are in similar business. Therefore, it is worthwhile that a research is conducted in order to find out how MS employer brand is perceived by individuals. Also, the outcome of such research he lp it enhance its employer brand perception and attract more high calibre candidate for recruitment, and retain them within the organization. This help them reduce labour- turnover and save cost thus strengthening its position ahead of the competitors. 3. Research Aim Objectives The aim of this research is to investigating the perception of employer brand in Marks and Spencer and the extent to which it could be used to enhance recruitment and selection processes in Marks and Spencer (a) To investigate the components of employer brand (b) To identify the employer brand expectations on employee perspective. (c) To evaluate recruitment and selection 4. Literature Review It is accepted that what an organization could provide for the employees in the long run is employability. This covers areas such as training, development, remuneration among the other things. What an organizations employment offer is defined as employer value proposition (EVP) or employer Brand proposition. In marketing, product branding is used to attract customers and retain existing clients. The same way, Employer brand is used to attract better candidates, train and develop them and retain them. The use of term employer brand was first came into use in 1990, and was defined as employer brand is the package of functional, economic and psychological benefits received by employment, and that can be identified with the employing company'(Simon B, 1996) In 2003, a famous employer brand survey with a an international group of readers revealed that among them, 61 percent of HR professionals had the awareness of the term employer brand and also 41 percent of non-HR professionals ( the Economist,2003) Fig-1: Key components of Employer Branding As seen in the above figure, Business development practice Ltd. of UK tried to establish the components of employer branding ( corporate eye, 2008) . Also, another survey conducted by The Economist and TMP, it was found that the expected benefits can be estimated as follows (www.modisintl.com, 2010): 53 percent anticipated a reduction in recruitment cost 73 percent expected higher employee retention 70 percent anticipated employees to recommend their organisation as a good place to work to others 59 percent expected increased commitment by employees to achieve the organizational goals 33 percent expected benefits through enhanced marketing communications 30percent expected increased profitability A study conducted by the Bernard Hodes Group found that (Modis, 2010): 53 percent candidates surveyed felt a strong employer brand resulted in shorter time to fill a vacancy 82 percent felt it helped develop their company reputation as an employer of choice 46 percent recognised its value in helping increase their job acceptance rate within the organization Employer brand management is a topic used in modern management which expands the scope of employer Brand beyond communication to cover all the aspects of the employment work experience, thus the employee management processes and practices through touch-points. This help it re shape the perceptions of existing employees and prospective candidates (Barrow, S. and Mosley, R., 2009) This methodology is known as Employer Brand management , which deals with the real experience of employment and not simply its functional or managerial presentation. This process supports not only the external recruitment of the right kind of talented individuals sought by a company to achieve its goals and objectives. It also results in the natural desire for effective engagement of employees and the retention of employees (Barrow S. , Et el, 2009) Further research has expanded the subject to discuss leadership capabilities of employer brand management, where a framework has been developed to look into the leadership capabilities necessary for managing the Employer brand (Brett M, 2010) The below aspects of Employer brand managements are discussed in this model: (1) Life cycle management of Employee- Employee life cycle is a new concept which deals with how the company develop policies, practices and systems to incorporate the changing personal needs of the employees with their age. As an example, when a female employee joins a company, company has a plan to help her through her life specially in the events of pregnancy, child upbringing etc. (2) Management of Brand portfolio- This is to allocate the brand portfolios within the company for careful management. While the marketing division is traditionally responsible for product brand portfolios, Human resources department is responsible for managing the employer brand . This segmentation is to ensure each segment has a strategy focussed on its development. (3) Community management- With the advancement of media and global communication channels, community management is a new dimension the employers have to look into in order to enhance the perception of the firm. The connection with the society serves very positively for the companies in order to connect the employees with the customers to build up a two way feedback channels. These channels help the community to understand the direction of the business and gain knowledge about their new products and services. At the same time the company gains the advantage of better understand the needs of the customers and make strategies to deliver the best and increase the profitability. Among the companies who have been very much focussed on this end Dell and Procter Gamble are noteworthy on account of harnessing the wisdom of the crowds in order to be innovate better products and servic es at a lower cost than what was previously possible. ( BRETT M, 2010) (3) Change management- This is an important aspect in the Brand management as most unhappiness of the employees come from humans natural resistance to change. Therefore, it is important that any change required within the organization is managed carefully in order to keep the level of Employer brand from deteriorating with the conflicts or shocks in the work environment. (4) Leadership Leadership is a critical factor in driving the Employer brand. When there is stong leadership in the company, the employees have more confidence and they are aware of tha fact that someone is there for them at difficult times. Leadership theories may suggest that leaders are born and not made, however, a strong leader makes a strong employer brand such as Google, Starbucks, EMS and so on. ( Robert J. ,1996) (5) Communication- At present, the companies are more focussed on their communication channels and methods in impr oving their image. These include media advertisements, the way employees and customers are treated and greeted. Management make themselves available for the employees to communicate in a pleasant working environment. (6) Training Training is important in order to influence the different levels of employees in the organizational hierarchy on the importance of Employer branding and help them develop Employer Branding capabilities across the organization. (7) Performance towards goals- The employer Brand development must always align with the goals of the organization. Performance objectives, setting of targets and goals are on going processes. The company strategies must incorporate the Employer Brand development into those strategies and performance management (John Austin,et el , 2009) 5. Research Methodology Research methodology is how the research should be carried out in a way that is practically possible in order to scientifically achieve the aims and objectives of the proposed research. (Trochim, W.M.K, 2006). Such methods can be chosen from many methods where data can be obtained and analyzed for deriving conclusions. However, due consideration must be given to avoid biasness and to conclude the research within a given period of time. 5.1 Research Design In conducting a study project, research philosophies play an important role in. The main 2 forms of research philosophies used by the researchers are (1) theory of Phenomenology and (2) Positivism. In Phenomenology method the researcher tries identify the essence of human experience about a scenario or phenomenon as explained by the participants ( subjects) of the research. These are the experiences known to them empirically by doing something or by their own instincts (Nicolaas J. Molenaar, 1982). Phenomenology leads und erstanding the experiences of the subjects and thereby develop possible relationships and patterns of the outcome (and possibly develop statistical analysis). In this method, the researcher must be careful not to allow his own experiences influence the type of questions asked or the way the research is carried out. This helps him avoid biasness. In this particular researcher decided that phenomenology would be the most suitable research philosophy to this study as Employer Brand perception is known to the participants through their own experience. This phenomenological method involves (a) interpretation of the experiences and observations from the participants, (b) Adjustment of those interpretation for researchers meanings in a form which can be used for analysis and (c) using the data for deriving conclusions and to make recommendations. In order to obtain the information as above, the researcher, after careful consideration of various methods, decided that surveys though qu estioners is the most suitable research design method given the fact that it provides an easy and straightforward method for the researcher and participants to describe their own Employer Brand perception about Marks and Spencer and easily collect data within a given period of time and ease of analysis of data collected from a sample of staff members in the organization. 5.2 Data collection method In order to collect data from the participants, researcher consider survey questionnaires to be the most appropriate method. This is based on the fact that this research is an evaluative research and the research design was based on a survey. However, semi-structured interviews are also used in order for the researcher to probe into the answers and clarify any unclear responses. This helps in improved quality of data and avoids the researcher having to seek clarifications at the stage of data analysis. In this research questionnaire shall consist of a mixture of open and close-ended questions (refer appendix-1). While close-ended questions help obtain a specific answer on a particular subject, open-ended questions give the opportunity for the participants to elaborate on an answer or describe their opinion in a wider scope. 6. Sampling Sampling is the statistical process of selecting an unbiased random subset from a population in order to yield some information/ knowledge about the whole population (Adà ¨r, Mellenbergh, 2008) This help the research to be conducted in cost effective way and makes it efficient and less time consuming. And, at the same time, it helps the researcher achieve his goals and objectives. In this research, the selected size of the sample is 80. This is in two categories. 40 male and 40 female employees in Marks and Spencer selected at Random. The researcher will first contact the head of HR at Marks and Spencer through a telephone conversation and then the selected participants are notified via telephone through the HR manager. This help the researcher to be identified by the participant as someone having right and credibility to conduct such research. Also, it help the participants superiors to allocate some time for them to answer the questionnaire and have a short interview session wit h the researcher on an agreed date and time. 7. Data Analysis Once the completed questionnaires are received by the researcher, the quantitative and qualitative data ( which have been pre coded) are entered into a structured database. Where the number of responses for each category can be calculated and tabulated in pie-charts . Also, qualitative comments (answers) given for open ended questions can be categorized based on the type of responses and can be assigned with a code for further analysis and presentation. 8. Limitations Inspite of the fact that researcher has taken steps to make the research as unbiased as possible, there are following limitations. (a) Since the participants are only selected from Marks and Spencer , the type of answers and the outcome of the result could be different in any other organization. However, since the research is conducted for Marks and Spencer and the results are used for improving its own selection and recruitment processes, the research is relevant and useful for Marks and Spencer. (b) Due to time and cost constraints, only a limited sample was selected. In a larger sample, some different would have been possible. (c) Interpretation and understanding of questionnaire would hamper the quality of answers given by the participants. Therefore, active participation of the researcher is important in order to ensure that that what is meant by a question is the same as what is understood by the participant. (d) Also, in certain cases, the participants may not pr ovide their honest opinion and try merely to provide any response if they are not interested in spending time and careful consideration for the research. But these limitations can be minimised by setting up a suitable environment for them to discuss the questionnaire with the researcher and provide real answers about their perception of employer brand. 9. Ethical Issues It is important that the research is conducted in a way that ethical issues are considered and provides the participants with assurance that the research or the results are in no way harm them in their workplace or outside. In order to win this confidence from the participants, the researcher must show them a high degree of professionalism and legitimate authority to conduct the research. (Reynolds, 1979) The researcher can obtain a letter from the Chairman of the company for access the premises and engage in research with the participant. The participants must be informed of the purpose of the research in advance. Also, they must be informed that the research is governed by the data protection act 1998 and the analysis etc are conducted confidentially and the data and intellectual property rights of the company are adhered to . Also, in designing the questionnaire, the selection of wording and presentation of it should be carried out in a manner that it would not offend the par ticipants beliefs etc. Also, the questions asked and the matters discussed in an interview must be limited to what is relevant to the research .

What Makes Plastic Surgery - 1159 Words

Maybe They were Born with it, Maybe it is Cosmetic Surgery Humans are social animals by nature. There is an ever-present urge to assimilate into society for person gain or comfort regardless of a person’s place of birth. Through personal observations, in both the Western and Eastern cultures, the region a person is brought up does not definitively matter when it concerns physical insecurities or how someone goes about remodeling themselves. Some go about change through adapting their dietary habits and fitness regimes to achieve their ideal body, but in other cases, a person’s ideal is not achievable through natural means. At that stage, if someone is willing, they can turn to cosmetic surgery to sate their desires of the perfect body. This course of action is not recommended. Plastic surgery is detrimental to the individual and subsequently to modern society with how frequent the media promotes highly specific traits to even be considered beautiful while the target audience does not naturally fit into this mold. Therefore, pla stic surgery exorbitantly changes how individuals perceive social status—based on idealized features—which can directly equate to a higher standard of living; additionally, it can also alter current societal mindsets concerning the epitome of beauty (whichever features is considered more advantageous) will result in the homogenization of the standard of beauty. In an advancing world dominated by technology, the speed in which ideas are shared isShow MoreRelatedWhat Makes Plastic Surgery?929 Words   |  4 Pagesadvantage of plastic surgery on a daily basis. Doctors are persuaded to morph the faces normal women into that of a supermodel or actress, all for the sake of interesting television. Women take to social media to stalk out their favorite Hollywood dolls, searching for a source of inspiration. Hollywood and the media have extreme power over defining what makes a woman beautiful and have pressured millions of women to conform to their standards by getting plastic surgery. Celebrities’ use of plastic surgeryRead MoreShould Teens Get Forced Into Getting Plastic Surgery?1656 Words   |  7 Pagesthe fact she has gotten a lot of plastic surgery done to herself. Whose little girl wants to grow up and look beautiful, just like her mother, but doesn’t understand the risk of plastic surgery. When the little girl grows into a teen, she thinks she is finally ready to get her first cosmetic surgery done, a nose job. Her mother is all for it, since she has had plenty of cosmetic surgeries before, but is this perfectly team getting this for herself, where to make her think that society will see herRead MoreEssay about The Good, Bad, and the Ugly of Plastic Surgery548 Words   |  3 PagesPlastic surgery is more popular than ever. According to the British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (BAAPS), 43,172 plastic surgery procedures in the UK were carried out in 2012. In general, individuals consider plastic surgery to improve physical feature s. However, before opting for something as drastic as plastic surgery, people should calculate the pros and cons of it to accurately assess the risks and benefits. Plastic surgery, when performed by an expert surgeon for the right reasonsRead MorePlastic Surgery Becomes More Popular953 Words   |  4 PagesAs time progresses, plastic surgery becomes more popular. Plastic surgery isn’t just what’s seen on TV and on social media; plastic surgery is much more than facelifts, rhinoplasty, and breast enhancements. In fact, â€Å"plastic surgery is anything that undergoes the process of reconstructing or repairing parts of the body.† (Reconstructive Surgery) The facelift Kris Jenner recently just had done is equally considered plastic surgery as an ordinary person getting an extra finger removed. These are bothRead MoreEssay about American Teenagers and Plastic Surgery1189 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Teenagers and Plastic Surgery Plastic surgery is not a new field of medicine. Traditionally, plastic surgery dealt with fixing abnormalities of the body, but recently people are enjoying the luxury of plastic surgery simply because they are not happy with their appearance. People make appointments with plastic surgeons for procedures such as rhinoplasty, liposuction, tummy tucks, face lifts, and most commonly breast augmentation. 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Law for Fame Decorator Agencies Pty Limited v Jeffries Industries Limi

Question: Discuss about the Ccrporate Law Fame Decorator Agencies Pty Limited v Jeffries Industries Limited. Answer: Introduction In Fame Decorator Agencies Pty Limited v Jeffries Industries Limited, the respondent was a public company listed in the stock exchange. The appellant was an ordinary and convertible preference shareholder in the respondent company. The appellant was allowed to transform its convertible shares into ordinary one on a given day. The method for the conversion of the shares required lower average sale rate of ordinary shares in respondent in the last twenty working days before the day of conversion so that after conversion more number of ordinary shares may be given to the appellant. Accordingly, on the last day of the said period, the appellant sold the ordinary shares of the respondent company resulting into lowering the market rate of the shares of the respondent company. The judge at the trial court decided that the appellant has breached sections 995 and 998 of the Corporation Act, 2001 (Fame Decorator Agencies Pty Limited v Jeffries Industries Limited (1999) HCATrans 52; AustLii 199 9). In the instant case the company holding the convertible preference shares, the procedure for the conversion of which was linked to the average selling rate of the given ordinary shares for a period of twenty days, positioned an order soon before the closing of the working day for the period of the said twenty days with an object to bring down the average selling rate of the shares for that particular day thereby raising the count of ordinary shares that is to be given after conversion. The effect of the act of the appellant company was that the value of the shares reduced by 22 cents. This act was therefore considered to be in contravention of section 1041B of the Corporation Act. Also the act was of deceiving nature as the persons who wanted to buy the shares of the respondent company were influenced to think that the market rate of the shares imitated the real relation of the force of demand and supply. Issues The main issue in the instant case was that whether the appellant has made contravention of Sections 995 and 998 by deceiving the share purchasers in the stock market by selling shares at a lower rate. Further the question was did the director of the appellant company owed any duty with regard to the deceptive trading of shares. Rules The Corporation Act prohibits misleading and deceptive conduct of a person of an organisation with regard to trading of securities (Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) s 995(2)). Further the Act also prohibits any act which is in the nature of creating a false or deceptive appearance with regard to the rate of any share in the share market (Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) s 998(1)). The Corporation Act also prohibits a person to engage or to enter into a dealing which might result into the creation of an artificial rate for the purpose of dealing into shares listed in a stock exchange (Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s 1041A). Under the Corporation Act a director is not exempted from his general duties (as given under sections 180, 181, 182, 183 and 184) or his fiduciary duties with regard to any of the transactions related to shares or their conversion where such transaction is authorised under the provisions of the Corporation Act or is permitted under a resolution by the members (Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) s 260E; Director of Public Prosecutions (Cth) v JM (2013) HCA 30). The general duties of a director include certain legal obligations. As laid down in the provisions of the Corporation Act a director of a company is required to perform the functions that have been cast upon him with caution and assiduousness of a standard that a prudent man would have taken in the similar circumstances (Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) s180(1)). The director of a company owes responsibilities towards the company and its shareholders. The director holds a duty to make sure that the company works at standard values and abides by the relevant laws made for the governance of the corporations and also that the day to day business of the company is carried on appropriately. If the director fails to perform his duties penalties may be imposed on him as given under the provisions of the Corporation Act (Australian Securities Investments Commission 2014). Application A person who holds shares which are of alternative or convertible nature and the conversion rate of which is linked to the market value of the given shares on a fixed date or for a fixed period such person may require that the market rate of such shares is comparatively low so that he may receive more shares on the conversion of such shares. The court held that the act of the vendor of thinly traded shares, intended to conclude the sale of the shares at a low rate and scheduled in order to influence the potential buyers of the shares at a higher rate, had the aim and result of making an artificial market and rate for a provisional period (Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) s 1014B) and this act was of deceiving nature with regard to the potential buyers of the shares of the respondent company (Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) s 1014H). Section 998 focuses on saving the veracity of the stock market. While reflecting the relations of influence of demand and supply the market may undergo different deficiencies without such deficiencies affecting their veracity. On the other hand, the behaviour of a vendor of thinly- traded stocks, intended to conduct selling of shares at a minimum rate instead of selling it on maximum possible rate and is scheduled in order to reduce the chances of the buyers calling higher rates, had the aim and result of making an artificial market and rate for a temporary period (Australian Stock Exchange 2000). The market purchaser and single purchaser, who made bids soon before the trading for the period got over, are distinct from each other. The impact of the appellants action upon the market for the stakes of the respondent, and the market rate, was not incidental only. The main purpose of the act of the appellant was to affect the market rate of the shares. The judge at the trial court observed that both the aim and result of the appellants action was to make an artificial market rate for the shares in the respondent company which was in violation of the section 998. Further regarding section 995 of the Corporation Act 2001, the majority opinion of the bench was that while the buyers of the shares of the respondent company that were sold by the appellant on the last day of the said trading period were not deceived by the acceptance of the proposal to purchase the shares by the appellant. The appellants action violated section 995 as his action could possibly deceive the prospective buyers of shares of the respondent company to believe that the market rate showed the real relations of influence of demand and supply. The prospective buyers would not have been able to predict that the appellant was looking forward to sell his shares at a minimum rate possible as against the prospective higher bidder. These above mentioned sections (i.e. Sections 995 and 998) when read in harmony with Section 260E it may be observed that the directors of the appellant company owed a general duty towards the respondent company. Accordingly, the director of the shareholder company were bound not to deal into shares in way that the transaction misleads or deceives the potential buyers of the respondent company. In the instant case the directors of the shareholding company were under a general obligation to take due care that the company should not act in a manner which is detrimental to the interest of the company in which they held shares. The directors were also under a fiduciary obligation to ensure that the company did not make any such conduct while selling the shares in the stock market which leads to deception in the mind of the potential buyers of the shares of the respondent company (Australian Senate 1989). Further the directors were under a duty to make sure that the company works with respect to the standard values of the corporate governance rules while complying with the laws governing the conduct of the business. The Supreme Court of New South Wales has laid down a principle that it is the obligation on the part of the director to take reasonable measures in order to direct and observe the administration of the organisation (ASIC v Adler 2002 NSWSC 171; Parliament of Australia n.d.). The observations made in the instant case were later on followed in a number of cases. In a Singaporean case the Court of Appeal held that the judge at the trial court made a correct observation that both the aim and result of the appellants action was to make an artificial market rate for the shares in the respondent company which was in violation of the section 998. The ratio of the judgement given in the instant case were applicable to the Singaporean case as well (Tan Chong Koay v Monetary Authority of Singapore (2011) SGCA 36). Conclusion Therefore, on the basis of the observations made above it can be concluded that the directors of the shareholding company were under obligation to ensure that their company was abiding by the rules of conduct of a corporation as laid down under the various provisions of the Corporation Act. Further the directors could have been made liable by the court for failing to perform their general duties as prescribed under the corporate governance rules. The company failed to make genuine dealing in shares as it acted against the rules of the Corporation Act which required it not to make any deceptive or false dealings such that it interference in the interest of the respondent company. The judge at the trial and the court of appeal made a correct opinion by taking decision by abiding by the rules of the Corporation Act. The observations made by the court of appeal were further referred in a number of latter cases relating to the misleading and deceptive conduct of the companies while dealing in shares. References AustLii 1999, Fame Decorator Agencies Pty Limited v Jeffries Industries Limited. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/cth/HCATrans/1999/52.html. [11 September 2017]. Australian Securities Investments Commission 2014, Directors- what are my duties as a director? Available from https://www.asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/insolvency/insolvency-for-directors/directors-what-are-my-duties-as-a-director/. [11 September 2017]. Australian Senate 1989, Company directors duties; report on the social and fiduciary duties and obligations of company directors, Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs. Available from: https://www.takeovers.gov.au/content/Resources/parliamentary_reports/downloads/social_fuduciary_duties_obligations.pdf. [11 September 2017]. Australian Stock Exchange 2000, Business rule guidance note. Available from: https://www.asx.com.au/pdf/TradingPractices.pdf. [11 September 2017]. Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). Director of Public Prosecutions (Cth) v JM (2013) HCA 30; 250 CLR 135; 87 ALJR 836; 298 ALR 615; 228 A Crim R 570; 94 ACSR 1; 6 BFRA 662; (2012) VSCA 21. Fame Decorator Agencies Pty Limited v Jeffries Industries Limited (1999) HCATrans 52. Parliament of Australia n.d., Chapter four- directors duties, Available from https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/Corporations_and_Financial_Services/Completed_inquiries/2004-07/corporate_responsibility/report/c04. [11 September 2017]. Tan Chong Koay v Monetary Authority of Singapore (2011) SGCA 36.

United States of Americas Macroeconomic Analysis

Introduction United States of America is the world’s only super power, after the fall of Soviet Union in 1991. This country gained independence from the British Government in 1776 and was recognized as a nation in 1783 following the Treaty of Paris. This nation lacks an official language at Federal level. However, English is the most common language.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on United States of America’s Macroeconomic Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The variation with which they speak this language makes it be referred to as American English. Over 90% of the inhabitants can communicate comfortably in this language. Other commonly used languages are Spanish, French, Germany, Japanese, Chinese, and American Sign Language among other local languages. The currency commonly used in this country is the American dollar. The country is ranked the world’s largest economy, with most of i ts companies dominating the world’s market. Some of the United States’ firms dominating the world markets are the Coca Cola Company in beverage industry, The Wal-Mart in retail industry, General Electrics and General Motors in manufacturing sector among a host of other multinational corporations. Certo reports that United States of America has the largest and most advanced military.1 This country is technologically advanced, and the living standard of its populace is well above average. Although there are a few Americans living below a dollar a day, most of its citizens are in stable employment, earning decent salaries. The political system in the U.S. has been relatively stable over the years, making it the leading democracy in the world. The transition of power from one party to another or from one president to another has been done smoothly, making the economy very stable. There are two predominant political parties in this country: the Democrats and the Republicans . Politics has played a big role in the economic development the U.S. In their manifestos, these ploitical parties always put forth their economic plans for the country. This has increased accountability and transparency in the management of public funds. Other than the Great Depression of 1930’s that shook the economy and rendered almost a third of its citizens jobless, the country has enjoyed a relatively consistent positive growth in its economic growth.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, this stability in economy was shaken once again in 2008, when the country was hit by another economic recession. Many industries registered negative returns, and many financial institutions had to be rescued by the government from eminent fall. Employment opportunities became scarce, and the government revenues sharply declined. Currie reports that the rate of unemployment reached a record high of 9%.2 The government had to act swiftly in order to reverse this unfortunate situation. Currently, there is recovery from the economic slum. The country’s economy is growing positively, estimated at about 3% in this last quarter. Gross domestic product has had a consistent growth since the end of the economic recession of 1930’s. For the last twenty years, American Gross Domestic Product has grown from six thousand billion dollars to fourteen thousand five hundred billion dollars in the year 2010. This is a growth of over 250%. The country’s gross domestic per capita has also improved from $ 19,354 in 1990, to $ 39,945 in 2010.3 Despite this positive trend in the two economic indicators, the country’s unemployment rate has been very inconsistent. Since 1990, the rate was highest in the year 2009, when it was estimated to be at 9%. This was attributed to the economic recession which started out in the late 2007 and ran till mid 2009 . War on Iraq has had negative impact on the economic growth of the country. The budgetary allocation to the military is as huge as what the rest of the world put together spends on their military. This has seen the country forced to run on a budget deficit in order to finance its operations. Gomez and Balkin report that the country has been running on a budget deficit since 1969.4 This year’s budget deficit was projected at $ 1.3 trillion. This is 8.5% of the country’s gross domestic product. Analysts predict that the country may not be able to finance all its operations in the year 2012, and therefore may need to borrow for the government to keep running.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on United States of America’s Macroeconomic Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, they predict that it will be lower than the current deficit. United States of America is one of the world’ s greatest exporters. Most of the world’s top companies dominating international markets currently are Americans. Companies like the Coca Cola Company and the General Motors are known in the world markets. There are many other manufacturing firms, service providers like the Hollywood Films and virtually all other industries which are American. This would therefore make one believe that this country will have a zero balance of payment or even a positive one. However, this is not the case. The United States of America has had a negative balance of payment for several years in a row. This may be attributed to the war on Iraq, war on terror, willingness of American consumer to purchase more on credit, constant US budget deficits and the emerging of China as the world’s top exporter. Since 1995, the US has experienced a free fall on its balance of payment. By then, the balance of payment for this country was standing at -1.85%. This trend deteriorated and by the end of 2006 , the figure was standing at -7.45. The economic recession of 2008 to 2009 worsened the situation. Basically, inflation may be defined as the general increase in price of commodities in a given country over a specific period of time. This country has not experienced any serious inflation in the recent past. However, there has been some form of inflation felt within this country. Inflation has been ranging from 1.59% to 3.85% since 2000, with the country experiencing deflation of -0.34% in 2008. The Behavioral Patterns of the Economic Indicators for the Last Since 1990 Since the fall of the Soviet Union, the United States of America had experienced a relative dominance in the world’s economy. However, emergence of China as a world economic powerhouse has put this country in an awkward position. China is eating most of the US world markets at a speed that Washington had not predicted it would. China is currently the preferred trading partner to many African nations. Some of the markets that was predominated by American firms are now going east. Mankin reports that China has devalued its currency, making its exports cheaper in the world market, while the imports to this nation are relatively expensive. This has seen it export more of its manufactured goods to foreign countries, challenging the US as the world’s top exporter.5Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although the Gross Domestic Product has been on the rise, this has not been happening at a proportionate rate to the country’s expenditure. The graph below shows the country’s growth in Gross Domestic Product since 1990. For the last twenty years, United States of America has experienced a positive growth in its gross domestic product. By the last quarter of 1990, its GDP was estimated to be six thousand billion dollars. This has consistently grown and by end of 2010, this figure was at fourteen thousand five hundred billion dollars. The rise can be attributed to the consistent increase in production of the country. Many American firms are still very productive. Other American firms like Apple have based their production in China, but the proceeds go back to the US. Most of its citizens are also very entrepreneurial, making it one of the countries in the world with the highest business start-ups. These private firms are employing the highest percentage of the American s. Over the years, unemployment has been put under control. Other than the unfortunate economic recession of 2008-2009, the rate of unemployment has never been more than 5.5%. The graph below shows the percentage rate of unemployment since 1995. Unmemployment Rate Of The Labor Force In % (1990-2010) This low unemployment rate has made living standards of the Americans be well above average. Although there are many of its citizens who are super rich, the national wealth is evenly distributed to the citizens. Majority of the population are in employment, which would translate to increased gross domestic product. The GDP per capita is one of the best in the world. With most of the population absorbed in various employments, the per capita has also increased over the years since 1990. By the end of 2010, the country’s per capita was standing at $ 39,945. Gross Domestic Product Per Capita In Us $Â   (1990-2010) The graph below shows the growth in per capita since 1990. The grap h above shows that the living standard of the Americans has been on the rise since 1990. This is despite the 2008-2009 economic down turn that affected many industries in America and the world at large. Historical Analysis of the Relationship of Economic Indicators Economic status of any country is determined by its political temperatures. A stable political atmosphere will mean a stable environment for doing business. More investors will be attracted to such a market and the infrastructural developments will be witnessed. The United States of America has experienced a rare political calmness since the end of the civil war soon after its independence. This has seen it grow to become the economic giant it is today. The First World War worked to its benefit. At first this country did not align itself to any country. It remained neutral, making it able to form economic pact with any side of the warring nations. The American nation had then just attained industrial revolution. Its indus tries produced goods in mass because the world’s economic powerhouses like Britain, France, Germany, Japan and many others were too busy fighting to make any production. The U.S. had to export food to these nations because they could not engage in any agricultural activity. It was also the main supplier of arms and ammunitions to both rivals. This incident helped the economy grow at supernormal speed, making it narrow the economic gap between it and the then economic leader, the Great Britain. When it joined the war latter, it emerged as one of the strong nations both economically and military wise. The GDP, GDP per capita and employment rate was on the rise. The government employed many of its citizens in the military, drastically reducing the rate of unemployment that was on the rise. Unfortunately, this positive trend was brought to an end in the late 1929 when the country was struck by its worst economic recession that would last for almost a decade. Many firms closed dow n or were bought off by foreign investors who relocated them to other countries, laying off the employees. This trend was reversed by the Second World War of 1939 to 1945. Since then, the economy of this nation has been relatively stable. These economic indicators have direct relationship with one another. Relationship between Real GDP and Labor Productivity Labor productivity is a ration of real GPD. It refers to the effectiveness of the labor force of a given country. It is the measure of what the labor can produce within an hour against what it is expected to produce within the same period. Real GDP refers to a country’s output, having taken into consideration factors such as inflation and deflation. The output of labor will have a direct bearing on the total output of the nation. Growth in productivity of labor will have a positive bearing to firms because they will be in position to meet their strategic plans within the set timeline. This will lead to their expansion. La bor productivity translates to increased living standards as the populace will have enough to spend from their productive work in various companies. Real GPD will be felt if the population can afford to make purchase of what they consider basic to them. This therefore means that labor productivity directly influences the real GDP. Classical theorists have related GDP and labor productivity. Adams Smith agued that output is directly affected by labor productivity.6 This relationship can be illustrated as below: Y= where T is land, L is Labor and K is capital. Relationship between Real Economic Growth and Labor Productivity Real economic growth is achieved when there is a trickle down effect to the general public. It is achieved when the population experiences improvement in the infrastructure and other facilities that improve their living standards. Real economic growth can only be attained when the labor force positively work towards having a better economy.7 Labor productivity wil l determine this economic growth. If the labor force is able to meet the set target in their respective working places, the economy will witness an improved growth. This will in turn enable the government achieve its development plans within the stipulated time. Basically, these development plans are always infrastructural. This would mean that citizens will feel this effect in form of improved living standards. Labor productivity therefore leads to real economic growth. In the United States of America, labor productivity is very high. Many of the Americans have the entrepreneurial ability, hence unemployment is reduced. This means that many Americans are employed, making it one of the nations with the highest per hour output of labor. This has been directly reflected in its real economic growth. The country has some of the best schools, hospitals, roads and other infrastructural facilities in the world. Relationship between Real GDP and Unemployment Unemployment is a situation wher e individuals with the right qualification and willingness to work are not able to get the right job. This occurrence is very common in developing nations. Unemployment is a direct result of poor growth in real GDP. If real the GDP is having a positive growth, it will translate to more jobs for the citizens, hence leading to increased per hour output of labor. This will in turn increase the real GDP. This creates a circle, where failure in one will lead to failure in the entire circle. If labor productivity becomes low, the real GDP will fall, and a fall in GDP will lead to increased unemployment which directly translates to reduced per hour output of labor. This system is open to external forces. Any disturbances from the external environment may affect one of the two players, and this would interfere with the entire system. The relative political stability of this country has seen its labor productivity improve, thereby improving the real GPD which in turn reduces the rate of unem ployment.8 Relationship between the Variable These variables are related. Labor productivity has a direct bearing on real GDP. A positive growth in real GPD will lead to increased employment. An increased employment means that per hour output of labor is increased; which translates to increased labor productivity. Increased real economic growth lowers the rate of unemployment. This is reflected in the Macroeconomic Theory and policy, which holds that a country’s economic growth is directly dependant on the ability of its population to produce more than it can consume. This theory holds that local population should have the ability and willingness to purchase. This would help local companies experience growth. For this reason, unemployment will hinder both real GDP and real economic growth. Historical Analysis of Economic Indicators The United States of America has had a stable economy despite its constant budget deficits. Inflation has always been put under check as supply of money is regulated. The following is an analysis of the relationship between various economic indicators. Relationship between Inflation and Real Economic Growth Inflation refers to an economic situation where price of commodities are above normal. This phenomenon happens when the supply of money exceeds the output of the country. Inflation can deal a dangerous blow to a country’s real economic growth. For a country to experience a healthy economy, it should be in a position to balance its exports and imports.9 Inflation will always make a country’s products appear more expensive in the world market, while imports would be relatively cheap. This will make its products less attractive in the world market; hence its exports will be reduced. On the other hand, imports will increase. This imbalance is dangerous as the country will spend more on importing but gets little from its exports. This situation may force a country to run on a budget deficit; hence it may not be ab le to experience real economic growth. Relationship between Inflation and Money Supply Growth (M1) Money supply has direct effect on the rate of inflation. When the supply of money exceeds a country’s total output, the value of such currency will fall. This will mean that one would need more of such currency to buy a similar item that was costing less before the surplus currency was introduced.10 Money supply should be a reflection of the level of economy. If the economy has grown, there should be a proportionate supply of money. The United States of America has had a tight check on its supply of the dollar. Dollar is used by many nations and therefore its devaluation would affect many other countries besides the US. Despite the economic recession of 2008-2009, the rate of inflation was maintained at manageable levels. This was because the supply of money to the economy was put under check. Relationship between Unemployment and Money Supply Growth (M1) In as much as there is no direct link between money supply growth and employment, the effects of money supply affects the rate of employment. If the supply of money is more than the total output of a country, there will be an overflow of the currency. This would in turn increase the production cost as manufacturers will have to pay more for the inputs they use in the process of production. The increased cost of production may make some firms consider relocating, down sizing or complete closure. In whichever way, the ultimate effect will be a reduced rate of employment. To reverse such a situation, a country may be forced to withdraw the excess currency. These economic variables have close relation. Money supply in the economy will have a bearing on the rate of inflation. Inflation directly affects real economic growth. Unemployment is affected by and affects real economic growth. High rate of unemployment leads to reduced real economic growth. Reduced real economic growth in turn affects the rate of emplo yment as many firms will be producing below their capacity and therefore will have to employ lesser number of individuals. Historical Analysis of the Relationship between Accounts of Balance of Payment, Average Interest Rate, and the Government Budget Balance Balance of payment accounts refers to a record of all the financial transactions of a given country to other countries in the world. This is done after a specific period of time, in the concerned country’s currency. All the incomes from the production process are recorded as surplus, while all the payments are recorded as balance deficits. Average interest rate is a ratio of a country’s liabilities. Government budget balance refers to the budget deficit. This happens when the proposed expenditure exceeds the expected income within a specific accounting year.11 The United States of America has constantly been forced to have a budget deficit because its total expenditure exceeds the income. The economic survey done by the end of 2009 indicated that the average interest rate of this country stood at 3.290. This was reduced to 2.992 by the end of 2010. This was because of reduced government budget deficit. Balance of payment for the country is also experiencing positive growth. Conclusion United States of America is the leading economic powerhouse in the world. Although it faces serious challenges in the growth of the economy, it has maintained a positive trend over the years. Economic indicators are showing the same. Rate of unemployment has been completely put under check, making majority of its populace economically productive. This in turn increases the gross domestic product, which in turn affect the real economic growth. If the currency supply of a country exceeds its output, chances are high that such a country may experience inflation, a fact that may destabilize the economic growth. Works Cited Certo, Samuel. Modern Management: Concepts and Skills. New York: Prentice Hall, 2011. Print. Currie, David. Country Analysis: Understanding Economic and Political Performance. Burlington: Gower Publishing Limited, 2011. Print. Gomez-Mejia, Luis and Balkin, David. Management: People, Performance and Change. New York: Prentice Hall, 2011. Print. Mankin, Gregory. Principles of Economics. New York: Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. Moss, David. A Concise Guide to Macro Economic Analysis. Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Publishers. 2000. Print. Whelan, Charles. Naked Economics: Undressing the Dismal Science. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2010. Print. Footnotes 1 Samuel, Certo. Modern Management: Concepts and Skills. New York: Prentice Hall, 2011. p. 36 2 David, Currie. Country Analysis: Understanding Economic and Political Performance. Burlington: Gower Publishing Limited, 2011. p. 41. 3 David, Moss. A Concise Guide to Macro Economic Analysis. Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Publishers. 2000 p. 89. 4 Gomez-Mejia, Luis and Balkin, David. Management: People, Perfor mance and Change. New York: Prentice Hall, 2011. p.125. 5 Gregory, Mankin. Principles of Economics. New York: Cengage Learning, 2009. p.56 6 Charles, Whelan. Naked Economics: Undressing the Dismal Science. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2010. p.6 7 Ibid, p.36 8 Samuel, Certo. Modern Management: Concepts and Skills. New York: Prentice Hall, 2011 p. 58 9 Moss, David. A Concise Guide to Macro Economic Analysis. Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Publishers. 2000. p.78 10 Charles, Whelan. Naked Economics: Undressing the Dismal Science. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2010. p.59 11 Currie, David. Country Analysis: Understanding Economic and Political Performance. Burlington: Gower Publishing Limited, 2011. p. 41 This report on United States of America’s Macroeconomic Analysis was written and submitted by user Zackery Acosta to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Earthing systems Essays

Earthing systems Essays Earthing systems Essay Earthing systems Essay Introduction Purpose of earthing in an electric power system is to restrict, with regard to the general mass of Earth, the potency of current transporting music directors, which are portion of the equipment, and non- current transporting metal plants, associated with the equipment, setup and contraptions connected to the system. Type of Earthing Systems There are four chief type of earthing systems. These include: TN systems Point straight to land, the exposed conductive parts connected to this point the installing of the protection of music directors. Two types of TN system are approved for new installings in South Africa. These are defined harmonizing to the agreement of impersonal and protective music directors, as follows: TN-S system: in which throughout the system, a separate protective music director is used ; TN-S system: in which throughout the system, a separate protective music director is used ; TN-C-S system: in which the neutral and protective maps combined in a individual bid concatenation of system. TN-C-S system: in which the neutral and protective maps combined in a individual bid concatenation of system. TT system Which one point is straight earthed, the exposed-conductive-parts of the installing being connected to earth electrodes electrically independent of the Earth electrodes of the power system. The TT system is non permitted for new installings in South Africa, but still exists in many of the older countries. IT system Which has all unrecorded parts isolated from Earth, or one point connected to earth through an electric resistance, the exposed-conductive-parts of the electrical installing being earthed independently or jointly or to the grounding of the system. The IT system is non used for the public distribution of electricity, but is used in private installings, chiefly for grounds of continuity of service. Three phases IT systems with a distributed impersonal can in certain fortunes result in risky conditions. This latter type of IT system is to be deprecated. The jobs of electromotive force fluctuations between stage and impersonal that can ensue from a interruption in the impersonal, are common to all types of low electromotive force distribution systems. The increasing use of the TN-C-S system has nevertheless introduced a farther dimension to the effects of a loss of the impersonal music director. TN-C-S system Chiefly for economic grounds, across the Earth, the TN-C-S power system is going more and more widely used for the distribution of low electromotive force electrical power. The construct of uniting the impersonal and protective maps in a individual music director instantly resulted in the riddance of one of the five distributed music directors that are required for a three stage TN-S system ( three stages, one impersonal and one protective music director ) . In a TN-C-S system, the separate protective music director ( PE ) for each consumer, is created by merely tapping off a 2nd parallel music director from the PEN music director at a location that is close to or at the point of supply to single consumers. The parallel music director in the installing so becomes the impersonal music director. The chief disadvantage of the TN-C-S distribution system is this unprotected risky status that could originate in the event of a interruption in the PEN music director. This jeopardy continues to be independent of the presence of any protection devices that may be installed. In the event of a interruption in the PEN music director, all exposed conductive parts will stay unrecorded irrespective of the operating province of the chief shift or insulating device whether it is ON ( closed ) or OFF ( unfastened ) . Current pattern of adhering in HK Types of low electromotive force system as defined by the IEC and IEE are identified by the connexions to Earth of the beginning ( system Earth ) and the exposed conductive parts of the electrical installing ( equipment Earth ) . If these Earth terminuss are non boned together by a metallic music director the system is classified as TT, and the way for Earth mistake currents is so through the existent Earth or land, . If the terminuss are bonded together with a dependable and low electric resistance metallic connexion the return way will non be through the Earth and the system is classified as TN-S. The footings on which the CLP Power Hong Kong Ltd. and the Hong Kong Electric Co. , Ltd. will provide electricity are capable to the Electricity Supply Ordinance, and the ordinances and conditions laid down in the common set of Supply Rules published by both companies. By virture of his application for electricity supply or his obtaining electricity from the Company, a consumer is bound by and shall stay by the Supply Rules and other footings and conditions. Supply Rule 407.1 requires that for every electrical installing the consumer must supply his ain Earth electrode system by which the exposed conductive parts of his installing are connected to earth. That is, all exposed conductive parts of the installing shall be connected by protective music directors to the chief earthing terminus of the installing and that terminal shall be connected to earth electrode ( s ) via an earthing music director. This means that every installing is connected to be portion of a TT system. Rule 407.3.f. ( three ) further provinces that where the supply is taken direct from the Company s transformer or via belowground overseas telegram, the Company may let the consumer to supply a bonding music director between his chief earthing terminus and the Company s transformer Earth or metallic sheaths of the service overseas telegram. Therefore, the installing will be operated as portion of a TN-S system. However, this regulation besides states that in the measuring of the Earth mistake loop electric resistance or proving the operation of protective devices, the said bonding music director must be disconnected, i.e. the design and commissioning of the installing must presume a TT system. 3

Management Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 7

Management Accounting - Essay Example On the other hand, there are those who view budgeting as one of the major impediments of the process of goal achievement. Marcino (2000) as well as Jensen (2001) are key advocates of this theorem. The two argue that the allocation of resources within an organization is to large extent being hindered by the various budgetary processes adopted by the various organizations. â€Å"Myopic decision making and other dysfunctional budget games† are cited to be some of the reasons why achieving these budgets becomes difficult and even where achieved, there is little difference that can be attributed to it. Bergstrand and Olve (1996) defined budgeting as the traditional way of managing and controlling companies. Companies use the budget to plan and coordinate for the preceding financial period. Some of the main objectives of the budgetary process include resource allocation, employee motivation and operations coordination. It also helps in the evaluation of performance (Libby and Lindsay 2003). Looking at all this therefore the budgetary process has for a long time been used for the same reason, and thus the majority of the organizations has resulted in using the same traditional budgetary processes over and over again. The traditional budgetary process has resulted so different problems in various organizations including but not limited to top down command orientation issues as well as poor planning and performance evaluation processes. While doing their research Neely et al. (2001) identified a number of budgetary weaknesses that were associated with the majority of the traditional budgets. Some of them includes the time consuming nature of the budgetary processes, constrain responsiveness and the most common barrier to change, lack of focus and presences of contradictions, the over emphasis on cost reduction with less focus on value, infrequent budget development and updating, improper preparation of the underlying assumptions and their inability to reflect

Effective team and performance management Essay

Effective team and performance management - Essay Example Performance management is an integrated and strategic approach to deliver flourishing results in organizations, by the improvement of performance, and by building the capability of individuals and teams. Performance management is important in achieving qualitative performance and superior standards. This project deals with the functions of effective team and performance management, and how they weekly reflects on the group exercise explaining the significant success factors in the growth of a team. It describes its reflections on the experience of practical seminar activities of team and performance management. It also explains group experience from the view of group members imaging their experience. This study evaluates the principles of inter-personal relationship, tries to understand group behaviour and dynamics of organizational behaviour, by analysing the various factors that influence individual behaviour in a team. The study evaluates effective management practice and behaviou ral skills in a team environment, which generate personal as well as organisational performance impact. Regarding effective team and performance management, the study classes include four activities, and they are animal survival reflection exercise, the activity can which adapt learning skills with the level of educational achievements. Other activities are egg flying activity, Belbin’s team role and lost on the moon. These activities study group behaviour and group efforts which help n building an effective team. 2.1) Reflect on what you learned from the group exercise in week one - three (Learning outcomes 3 and 4) It was a great experience that I received during the activities in the class as a team. I enjoyed it a lot. In the group exercise, from week one to week three, I learned about the application of organizational behaviour, and the theories of learning in the context of business. I also learned the factors that influence individual behaviour in a team. In the week o ne activity, I came to know the ways to accomplish assigned work, to respect team members, and how to hold on when the group falls beyond its expectations. The team began to perform well in norming stage. â€Å"Groups can also exert enormous in?uence on individuals through the medium of norms† (International Relations and Group Processes n.d) Each individual began by contributing their best for the improvement of the team. As a result of this, more effort was exerted by the group thereby bringing harmonious relation among the team members. All group members presented themselves at the meeting on time, so that they could closely follow the proceedings of the meeting, and no one was supposed to interrupt the meeting by arriving late at the venue. I, as a team member also learned about how to behave in a meeting, when to present our own opinions, if any; and to encourage silent members in the group to speak out. Decisions were made by the unanimous support of the team members. à ‚   A significant factor of success in the growth of a team, depends on the concept that all players in the team are equal in decision making; and that every team member is valued, and that they that contribute well for the team. All members should be honest in their communication, and should speak frankly without hurting the self-esteem of co-members. The active participation of team members in

Country with High Mortality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Country with High Mortality - Research Paper Example The total surface area of the country is 238,533 sq. km /92,098 sq. miles (WHO, 2013). According to the United Nations Department Of Population and Social Affairs, the estimated total population for Ghana was 24,392 000 for the year 2010 and a projected 27,315,000 in year 2015.Of the total population, a bigger percentage is estimated to be in urban areas than I rural areas. The total population density for Ghana is estimated to be 82,000 and 146,000 people per kilometre in 2000 and 2030 respectively (WHO, 2013). Ghana is one of the more stable nations in Africa, with a good record of power changing hands peacefully. It has a multi-party system with a presidential representative government, whereby; the president is elected directly by citizens in general elections. The president becomes both the head of state and government (Princeton.edu, 2013). Ghana is the world's second largest cocoa producer behind Ivory Coast, and Africa's biggest gold miner after South Africa. Other top minera ls in Ghana include tuna, bauxite, aluminium, manganese ore, and diamonds. It is one of the continent's fastest growing economies with a projected growth rate of 7% in 2012 although its lower than of the previous year(World Bank,2013). The high growth rate is prompted by strong cocoa production, increased gold production among other factors. The GNI per capita of Ghana is US $1,230 (WHO, 2013) State of Health in Ghana The probability of dying between 15 and 60 years otherwise known as adult mortality rate, in Ghana was 273 per 1000 people. The life expectancy in years is slightly higher in females than in males, at 64% and 60% respectively. According to WHO, the leading cause of death in the country is malaria followed by HIV/AIDS and diarrhoeal diseases. It is estimated that in 2008, the leading cause of death among children under five was malaria, accounting for 26% of the total deaths. The mortality rate as a result of malaria in 2006 was higher in Ghana than in the neighbouring Cote d’ vore.In addition, theHIV/AIDS was also high in that country as compared to Burkina Faso and generally in the African continent in year 2007.Communicable diseases record the highest burden of disease, followed by non-communicable diseases. Injuries have the lowest distribution of burden of disease. According to WHO, the number of deaths from traffic accidents in Ghana was among the highest in the world, which marks a major contribution to the high mortality rates. Being one of the stable nations in Africa, Ghana does not experience a lot of deaths from violence (WHO, 2013). According to a study conducted in Ghana titled â€Å"Public Perceptions on the Role of Traditional Medicine in Health Care Delivery System†, findings suggest that traditional medicine is effective in treating various ailments. Some of the ailments that are effectively treated using traditional medicines in Ghana include malaria, mental illness, infertility, arthritis, boils, and typhoid fever , just to mention a few. While this is the case, it is worth noting that the traditional medicines are non-standardised as emphasized by Gyasi, Mensah, Osei-Wusu & Agyemang,2011). To most Ghanaians, poverty is a strong barrier to the utilization of health people than the orthodox care services. It’s no surprise then that traditional medicine is found to be cheaper and more readily available to the medicine.

Jane Austens Works :: essays research papers

First published in 1813, Pride and Prejudice has consistently been Jane Austen's most popular novel. It portrays life in the genteel rural society of the day, and tells of the initial misunderstandings and later mutual enlightenment between Elizabeth Bennet (whose liveliness and quick wit have often attracted readers) and the haughty Darcy. The title Pride and Prejudice refers (among other things) to the ways in which Elizabeth and Darcy first view each other. The original version of the novel was written in 1796-1797 under the title First Impressions, and was probably in the form of an exchange of letters.Jane Austen's own tongue-in-cheek opinion of her work, in a letter to her sister Cassandra immediately after its publication, was: "Upon the whole... I am well satisfied enough. The work is rather too light, and bright, and sparkling; it wants [i.e. needs] shade; it wants to be stretched out here and there with a long chapter of sense, if it could be had; if not, of solemn specious nonsense, about something unconnected with the story: an essay on writing, a critique on Walter Scott, or the history of Buonapartà ©, or anything that would form a contrast and bring the reader with increased delight to the playfulness and general epigrammatism of the general style". In 1809 Jane Austen, her mother, sister Cassandra, and Martha Lloyd moved to Chawton, near Alton and Winchester, where her brother Edward provided a small house on one of his estates. This was in Hampshire, not far from her childhood home of Steventon. Before leaving Southampton, she corresponded with the dilatory publisher to whom she had sold Susan (i.e. Northanger Abbey), but without receiving any satisfaction.She resumed her literary activities soon after returning into Hampshire, and revised Sense and Sensibility, which was accepted in late 1810 or early 1811 by a publisher, for publication at her own risk. It appeared anonymously ("By a Lady") in October 1811, and at first only her immediate family knew of her authorship: Fanny Knight's diary for September 28, 1811 records a "Letter from Aunt Cass. to beg we would not mention that Aunt Jane wrote Sense and Sensibility"; and one day in 1812 when Jane Austen and Cassandra and their niece Anna were in a "circulating library" at Alton, Anna threw down a copy of Sense and Sensibility on offer there, "exclaiming to the great amusement of her Aunts who stood by, "Oh that must be rubbish, I am sure from the title.

Will Moller Analysis

A Rhetorical Analysis of Will Moller’s â€Å"Those Who Live in Glass Houses† Cheating, in all forms, is considered deceitful and wrong. However, people still do it hoping the end result is an A on an exam or a better performance, in an athlete’s case. Cheating in itself is like an addiction and follows a domino effect. Once one athlete decides to use steroids, others follow in their footsteps hoping to perform at a higher level. There have always been several athletes who choose to cheat for their own benefit and personal glory.As a result, those athletes are looked down upon for cheating the game and the fans. Nonetheless, people fail to understand the outside factors that influence great athletes such as Barry Bonds and Ben Johnson to use performance enhancing drugs. In his May 5, 2009 article â€Å"Those Who Live in Glass Houses† Will Moller, blog writer for The Yankees $, argues that that performance-enhancing drugs should be permissible because the ma jority of good professional baseball players are forced to take steroids and such, as a result of baseball fans placing players on a pedestal to perform beyond their capacity.Moller makes a good point that fans have some responsibility for athletes cheating because of the pressure fans place on them to perform at an enormously high level; however, there are other responsible parties as well, including coaches, players, and the NCAA drug policy system as a whole. One of the primary reasons for athletes using performance-enhancing drugs is because of the fans animalistic desire for great entertainment. This actually causes athletes to want to perform at the highest level possible and stand out as great icons to the fans.To support his implication, Moller uses the pathos appeal, as he presents an analogy, of his personal experience as a student who was forced to use Ritalin because he struggled with the rigorous and competitive academic work assigned to him. Moller’s reaction to his choice was that he â€Å"did what [he] felt [he] needed to do, to accomplish the goal that was demanded† from him, despite understanding the â€Å"serious side effects, magnifying [his] senses in a very negative way. Nonetheless, academic success outweighed the bad side effects.Similarly, college and professional athletes are placed on a pedestal that urges them to accomplish success, win championships, and set unbreakable records. He also appeals to reasoning by recognizing that athletes should not be severely misjudged as cheaters for using performance enhancing drug use because they wish to perform better for their fans. There are other outside factors that also pressure players to cheat. Coaches’ extreme pressure towards their players to perform at a high level indirectly encourages athletes to use steroids and develop more strength.Notre Dame coach Lou Holtz was believed to be a primary cause for his players using anabolic steroids during the late 1980â€⠄¢s and early 1990’s. Steve Huffman, a former linebacker, claimed coach Holtz â€Å"put [him] in this situation† because he once criticized the injured star during a team speech by stating that Huffman â€Å"let everybody in this room down if [he] quit. † In addition, Holtz threatened to rescind Huffman’s scholarship and showed no remorse or care for Huffman and the rest of the players during the losing season. Coaches who exert a strong mental toughness are perceived as good leaders who may lead their team to overall success.However, fans and the media do not recognize that tough love can have a burden on players, physically and emotionally. A coach, who constantly scolds players instead of guiding them, is tortuously leading players to use performance-enhancing drugs in hope of easing the burden and accomplishing what everyone around them selfishly wants. Coach Holtz practiced such coaching methods and as a result, school officials admitted that during the 1986 season five players tested positive for anabolic steroid use. Aside from coaches, the weak NCAA drug policy system also influences players to cheat.The use of performance-enhancing drugs is undeniably much more prevalent than it is generally acknowledged to be because of the weak policy regulations. Welch Suggs, an American collegiate sportswriter for The Chronicle of Higher Education, claims steroid use is rampant among college-level players. A senate panel spoke to a former college football athlete, who choose to remain anonymous, claimed that despite gaining twenty pounds and dropping his 40-yard dash time to 4. 5 seconds, his coaches urged him and many other players to gain even more weight and become stronger.People may be asking themselves how players are able to avoid the NCAA random drug policy tests. The former college football star argues that â€Å"the policy is weak, however, and fairly predictable, with the drug tests falling in roughly the same period of time every year† (Suggs). The weak enforcement gives athletes a greater motivation to begin using performance-enhancing drugs. Don Catlin, a professor of molecular and medical pharmacology at UCLA, oversees and examines drug testing for the NCAA and believes it is not â€Å"aggressive enough, but that’s society and the mind-set. The dollars just aren’t there† (Suggs).Fans, coaches, the NCAA, and society as a whole are responsible for encouraging cheating and drug use. People are not taking the matter seriously and as a result, steroids and other drugs are easily available for athletes to purchase online, in the streets, or maybe even from their coaches. In fact, Charles Grassley, the former Iowa Republican chairman of the caucus, showed the NCAA senate panel online auctions on eBay for Winstrol and Dianabol, which are commonly prescribed steroids. Ultimately, the fact that drug testing policies are so weak is practically asking players to use performance-enhan cing drugs and cheat the game.Fans, coaches, and the weak NCAA drug policy may influence players to use steroids, but the ultimate decision is left to the athlete. Just as everyone is responsible for their choices, players must decide whether they wish to cheat, just as Moller had. The option to cheat in academics or sports is easily available, despite most people not realizing it. In a March 1st, 2010 blog in Sports Illustrated, â€Å"Cheating and CHEATING† writer Joe Posnanski argues that the beautiful game of baseball and other sports has always existed, despite people claiming that it has not or that baseball has become corrupt due to steroid and amphetamine use.He begins by introducing author Pete Hamill, a novelist, who believes that the game of baseball was at its finest, prior to performance enhancing drug use. To develop his argument, Posnanski concedes to the opposition first by praising Pete Hamill’s romantic novels and later criticizes Hamill’s willf ul self-deception by naively believing that drug use is not common in America and American baseball, as a means of cheating. Posnanski understand that baseball like all other sports â€Å"was never innocent, that America was never innocent, that innocence itself was never innocent† (Posnanski).Posnanski concedes first to show his respect by demonstrating his own character. In doing this, he is able to highlight the significant accomplishments in baseball history that have occurred due to amphetamine usage. In addition, Posnanski claims that steroids are much more readily available today than in the past. But cheating has always existed, in all forms. The fans, the coaches, and the NCAA itself are all responsible for willful self-deception as well, for having influenced players to begin using performance-enhancing drugs but believing steroid use is not rampant in college-level and professional sports.Fans are not entirely responsible for athletes cheating in college-level and professional sports. However they are one of many factors that contribute to players using performance-enhancing drugs. Athletes, fans, coaches, and the weak NCAA dug policy and enforcement may all determine an athlete’s choice to cheat; however, the players themselves must be accountable for their choices. Illicit drug use has negative side effects that can be harmful to athletes. But the desire to perform at a high level, break scoring records, win games, and championships is an always tempting just as it is to get an A on an exam.Works Cited Huffman, Steve. â€Å"I Deserve My Turn. † Sports Illustrated. Time Inc. , 27 Aug. 1990. Web. 14 Nov. 2012 Moller, Will. â€Å"Those Who Live in Glass Houses. † The Yankees $. N. p. , 5 May, 2009. Web. 14 Nov. 2012 Posnanski, Joe. â€Å"Cheating and CHEATING. † Sports Illustrated. Time Inc. , 1 Mar. 2010. Web. 14 Nov. 2012 Suggs, Welch. â€Å"Steroids Are Rampant Among College Athletes, a Senate Panel Is Told. â⠂¬  The Chronicle of Higher Education. 50. 46 (2004): A33. ProQuest. Web. 14 Nov. 2012